LICHENS AND LICHEN. PARASITES

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I8 B.A.N.Z. AKTARCTIC RESEARCH EXPEDITION related to P. sztbperrimosa of Kerguelia, are the only other suggestions of relationship to the New Zealand region, while the more characteristic smaller genera of each have failed to penetrate the other region. Intriguing suggestions of very distant relationships exist, perhaps via the Atlantic-Indian Swell with Bouvet Island (flora wholly unknown) the south end of the Mid- Atlantic Swell, the South Sandwich Swell, South Georgia, the Falkland Islands and Fuegia. If on the other hand, one accepts the Wegener hypothesis of continental drift in modified form, one might suggest that Kerguelia arose from the stresses qt the fractures during the break-up of Gondwana Land when the Australia-New Zealand land masses separated at the close of the Jurassic, since Aubert de la Riie suggests that the oldest basic lava is Mesozoic. Perhaps the Australia-New Zealand land mass contributed a-few elements which have persisted (greatly modified)' before it had moved too far away. The chief part of the flora of Kerguelia was supplied from Fuegia with perhaps some elements from South Africa until the Eocene. On the separation of Fuegia, Kerguelia also moved away to the south-eastward and was soon too far away to receive further contributions. The presmt dibtribution of Usnea sect. Roccellinae (which perhaps should be regarded as a separate genus) is suggestive of this view. The more primitive species (those most closely related to other sections of Lrmea) are found in Fuegia, with one line of divergence moving up the Andes at elevations of 2,5004,300 m. as far as Colombia, with one species each in Mexico and Jamaica, while the other line is represented by one (or two closely related) species in South West Africa, two in the mountains of East Africa, four in the mountains of South India and Ceylon, and several in Kerguelia. Such an interpretation would account for the very high degree of endemism in Kerguelia (practically all the species and one tenth of the genera). ANTARCTICA. In considering distribution on the Antarctic continent, some difficulties are necessarily present in greater degree than in morp temperate regions. Owing to the physical hardships in collecting, the sampling error is bound to be higher. Tn all the localities reported here, collecting was limited to one or two days in each locality, except at the main base at Cape Denison in King George V Land. Man-hauled transport in the mountains east of Cape Denison necessitated the collection of a small amount of material and the removal of specimens from the rocks with consequent fragmentation and the probability that many of the smaller species were overlooked. This in turn places a greater burden on the botanist who studies the material in reconstructing what the whole plant may have looked like from the fragments. When fragments of several species exist in the same packet, one must first go over the hundreds of fragments under a high-power dissecting microscope and sort them approximately, with uncertainties of interpretation that such a process involves. Another source of error in considering geographical distribution, is the relatively large amount of sterile material. Fortunately long experience in working over the collection, has enabled me to place most of it approximately. Curiously the commoilest species of hecidca and most of the scant material referred to Cati!laria had well developed ascocarps, but no asci nor ascospores, although collected over such a wide area and in different months of the growing season. Such characters as are observable, place the TJect2eae in A. cancriformis or L. Blackbztrni or in closely related species, but further collections of better material will be necessary to establish certainty. The references of material to Catillaria are even less certain. Material of Pnrrnelia variolosa. P. Coreyi and P. yrisea is scant and fragmentary; references to these species are also uncertain. Consequently one should not rely on these determinations in considering distributional problems and they have been disregarded is computing percentage endemism. Any conclusions should be regarded as tentative and will probably be modified as the lacunae of our knowledge of the region are filled in.
Date. Leader. Ships. 183943 R,oss Erebus Terror 1897-99 Gerlach de Gommery Belgica 1898-00 Borchgrevink Southern Cross 1901-03 Drygalski Gauss 1901-03 Nordenskjold Antarctic 1901-04 Scott Discovery 1902-04 Bruce Sco tia 1903-05 Charcot Franpais 1WZ-09 Shackleton Nimrod 1908-10 Charcot Pourquoi Pas 1910-11 Scott Terra Nova 1911-14 Mawson Aurora 1914-16 Shackleton Endurance 1929-31 Mawson Discovery 1933-35 Byrd J. Ruppert Bear of Oakland TABLE 2. EXPEDJTIONS TO ANTARCTICA. Botanists. Publications. J. D. Hooker Hook. f. & Tayl. 1844 Hook. f. 1845 Racovitsa Vainio 1903 IIanson et al. Th. Fries 1902 Blackman 1902 Vanhoeff en Zahlbruckner 1906 Skottsberg Darbishire 1912 Darbishire 1910 Rudmose-Brown Darbishire 1905 Turquet Hue 1908 Priestley , Darbishire 1923 Mawson Dodge 1947 Gain, Liouville Hue 1915 Darbishire 1923 Hunter, McLean, Dodge 1947 Laseron, Harrisson Darbishire 1923 Johns ton Dodge 1947 Siple et al. Dodge & Baker 1938 Blacliburn et d. Herbarium. Species. Locality. Farlow 9*- 3 Cockburn Island Iiew Graham Land Turliu 55-29 Graham Land Oslo 4- 1 S. Victoria Land Brit. Mus. Vienna 3- 0 Ii. Wilhelm I1 Land Stockholm 47- 9 Graham Land Brit. Mus. : 24- 5 S. Victoria Land Brit. Mus. 11- 0 Graham Land Paris 16- 4 Graham Land Brit. Mus. 13- 1 S. Victoria Land Mo. Bot. Gard. 3- 0 Paris 112-89 Graham Land Brit. Mus. 17- 8 S. Victoria Land Mo. Bot. Gard. 35-12 K. George V Land 34-20 Q. Mary Land Brit. Mus. 2- 0 Elephant Island Mo. Rot. Gard. 22- 5 K. George Land 16- 5 MacRobertson Land Mb. Bot. Gard. 89-84 Marie Byrd Land K. Edward VII Land S. Victoria Land The firat number reports the total number of species collected; the second indicates the number described as new.
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or in discrete colonies of Trebwia;
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258 B.A.N.Z. ANTARCTIC RESEARCH EXP
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phaeospora Hepp, Flecht. Eur., 947
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26 1 B.A.N.Z. ANTARCTIC RESEARCH EX
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INDEX. For convenience of reference
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LICHENS AND LICHEN. PARASITES

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