waders and their estuarine food supplies - Vlaams Instituut voor de ...

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$Wetenschap - \Nijverheid- Handel$

WAAROM KANOETSTRANDLOPERS, SCHOLEKSTERS EN WULPEN STRANDGAPERS VAN VERSCHILLEND FORMAAT ETEN E jO, 0 5 S S 10 ro re CO c 15 1 J^aaant* 20 n=3830 C 1 0 2 0 3 0 0 5 0 6 0 7 D lengte strandgaper (mm) Hel leveiisverhaal van de sirandgapei /iel er vrij simpel uit. Ze komen aanvankelijk in zeer grote dichtheid voor. waarna er geen geleidelijke, maar een stapsgewijze afname plaatsv indt. Deze abrupte alnames worden veroorzaakt door bepaalde predaioren die gedurende ecu korte tijd ecu /ware predatiedruk uitoefenen. Bioedjes van een paar maanden oud zijn /on 5 mm lang en een gemakkelijke prooi voor strandkrabben en garnalen. Ook kanoetstrandlopers kunnen er op foerageren en daar de hele winter mee doorgaan. 362 •I' ' 80% Na het volgende groeiseizoen worden de meeste exemplaren in het winterhalljaar weggegeten door scholeksters en in de twee winters daarna eten wulpen er veel. Strandkrabben. garnalen en kanoeten pakken alleen eerslejaars sirandgapers. omdat /e het daaropvolgende jaar te groot zijn om te worden ingesliki en te diep ingegraven zitten om bereikbaar te /ijn. \K gevolg van een verdere toename in de ingraafdiepie kunnen scholeksters geen sirandgapers eien die ouder
zijn dan twee jaar en wulpen geen sirandgapers die ouder zijn dan vier jaar. De toename van de ingraafdiepte verklaan waarom de due vogelsoorten geen grotere sirandgapers pakken dan waargenomen. Waarom negeren scholeksters en wulpen de kleine exemplaren? Theoretisch modellen die er vanuii gaan dal vogels streven naar maximalisering van de opnamesnelheid lijdens hel voedsel zoeken. geven de verklaring. Als scholeksters hun foerageeersnelheid mavimaliseren. moeien ze de weinig lonende strandgapers van 17 mm en kleiner negeren. Om dezelfde reden zouden wulpen exemplaren onder de 25-30 mm niel mogen pakken. De vogels blijken /ich keurig aan deze regel te houden. hoewel ze dc prooien net boven deze orjdergrens minder pakken dan theoretisch verwacht 363 Voor elke predator kan worden gedetinieerd welke Iraciie van de prooien de moeite waard is om le pakken. Diet le groot is om te worden ingeslikt en niel te diep is ingegraven om bereikbaar te /ijn. De prooi fracliesdie aan de/c drie eisen voldoen. en oogst - baar worden genoemd, verschillen voor de drie vogelsoorten. Hiermee is verklaard waarom de drie soorten op verschillende momenien strandgapers eten en waarom er nauwelijks overlap is in de grootteklassen die ze eten. Voor sirandgapers is hel /aak om in de eerste vier levensjaren, wanneer ze stjccessjevehjk de predatiedruk van kaaoet, scholekster en wulp moeten zien te overleven. /ich altijd zo diep mogelijk in le graven. Dat kunnen /e echter alleen als ze veel weefsel in hun sifo stoppen. En dal is precies wat ze doen tot wel 45*K van hun hele lichaamsgewicht.
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WADERS AND THEIR ESTUARINE FOOD SUP
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plia^ohi. WADERS AND THEIR ESTUARI
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Waders and their estuarine food sup
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WADERS AND THEIR ESTUARINE FOOD SUP
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figuren: Dick Visser omslagfoto: Ja
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15 Versatility of male curlews (Num
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That science is making progress, ma
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INTRODUCTION The remnants of brushw
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When hcnlhic bivalves extend llien
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the burrow depths and on the fracti
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INTRODUCTION Ms,i invest 409 of (he
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able lo sw itch 10 oiher prey which
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Long-term, broadly-based research c
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Chapter 1 SEASONAL VARIATION IN BOD
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SEASONAL VARIATION IN BODY WEIGHT O
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Tahle 1 Weight loss ('•- ± SE) m
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i 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 • INFESTED
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240- SEASONAL VARIATION IN BODY WEI
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20 10 0 -10 -20h 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 se
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a E 400 - S. plana 35 mm 320 240 16
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Chapter 2 HOW THE FOOD SUPPLY HARVE
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FOOD SUPPLY HARVESTABLE BY WADERS H
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Methods The study sites were situat
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less than that of bivalves, partly
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I Fig. 3). Peak condition was reach
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total biomass since most of those t
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on the basis of the preceding and t
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However, for obvious reasons, we ma
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prey. A decrease in the prey densit
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Tahle 2. The intake rate ol < lyste
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* ' % -. . ; a X - . - * • ^ •
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(Zwarts & Wanink 1989). In quiet we
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general law relating handling time
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nearly twice as much time (0.79 s).
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4 5 6 7 8 9 size class of Corophium
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and annually. Second, the lower siz
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Prey switching Waders feeding on ti
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autumn and spring, and the contrary
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where they switch to surface-living
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Chapter 3 BURYING DEPTH OF THE BENT
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DEPTH AND SIPHON CROPPING IN SCROBI
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I DEPTH AND SIPHON CROPPING IN SCRO
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DEPTH AND SIPHON CROPPING IN SCROBI
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Table 3. Three-Way analysis Of vari
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Chapter 4 SIPHON SIZE AND BURYING D
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15 20 size (mm) Fig. 3. Cerasioderm
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10 size (mm) SIPHON SIZE AND DEPTH
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o, 7 01 5 | * CL 5- SIPHON SIZE AND
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4 Q) Si •a a. 16- 20- A predator:
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prey risk for an animal al a depth
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Table 6. Size al which there is a m
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* ' 1 /-/ "».-^*«C
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face and so expose themselves to a
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surface in die containers was varie
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50 OOF 310.00 I 5.00 ^ 1.00 3=" 0.5
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Tahle 1. Macoma and Scrobicularia.
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siphon would not have to reach the
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known siphon weight and burying dep
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ACCESSIBLE PREY ARE OFTEN IN POOR C
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1 2 3 4 burying depth (cm) Kin. I.
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I—1 • • : : : : ! - ! -|-r 0
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Chapter 7 DOES AN OPTIMALLY FORAGIN
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OPTIMAL FORAGING AND THE FUNCTIONAL
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100 200 300 prey density (n-m-2) Fi
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Table I. Results of five one way an
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Table 2. Results of eight iwo-wav a
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prey density II III Fig. 12. Freque
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PREY SIZE SELECTION AND INTAKE RATE
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Predicted 'passive size selection'
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lig. 2. Larger Mussels are less ava
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Fig. 5. Scrobicularia plana. Size c
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and maiiv are too thick-shelled to
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The measurements of handling time i
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 probing depth (cm PRE
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valves may vary by a factor of two
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optimal foraging model, the minimum
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their gut is full? Do they reduce t
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PREY PROFITABILITY AND INTAKE RATE
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catchers to take only certain prey
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licult error of estimate arose if p
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Counts of feeding and non-feeding b
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20 30 40 50 shell length (mm) PREY
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Nereis Arenicola tipuia earthwo'm M
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take rate. We might therefore expec
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prey species, using parallel slopes
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5.0 4.0 1-3.0 a & • % * • * •
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time during the feeding period. As
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winter. Similarly, handling time in
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5.0 - f-4.0 S 3.0 in I 20 a 2 a | 1
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situation arrived in the western pa
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• ' • 14 PREY PROFITABILITY AND
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Notes lo appendix: PREY PROFITABILI
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Chapter 10 WHY OYSTERCATCHERS HAEMA
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2 4 6 8 10 time on feeding area (h)
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80- 60- o 80 60- 40- 20- INTAKE RAT
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est of bod\ behind: an estimated 22
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INTAKE RATE AND PROCESSING RATE IN
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Wanink 1993). The energy content of
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(7) Age All studies dealt with adul
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irds over long periods. As an examp
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Discussion There is no difference i
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comparison between the weight of ih
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. 1', L ! •
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Introduction PREDICTING SEASONAL AN
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PREDICTING SEASONAL AND ANNUAL FLUC
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1000 r 1 II" 1 - r^Jan'80 PREDICTIN
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IOO BO 60 40 20 0 PREDICTING SEASON
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WHY KNOT TAKE MEDIUM-SIZED MACOMA W
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in Zwarts & Esselink 1989). The len
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shell length (mm) FIR. 3. Peringia.
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fused, specimens larger than this w
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50 100- s s I — f = S. plana, n=2
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area is twice as large as the touch
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10 15 lower size threshold (mm) Fig
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lime (Hughes 1979). This would furt
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WHY KNOT TAKE MEDIUM-SIZED MACOMA T
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Chapter 13 ANNUAL AND SEASONAL VARI
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VARIATION IN FOOD SUPPLY OF KNOT AN
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Two sites (N and M in Fig. 2) were
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20 30 VARIATION IN FOOD SUPPLY OF K
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20 l i r'l ' i •o j^y^T n ^ ' " ^
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July ' Aug ' Sept Fig. 9. Proportio
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available. There must, however, be
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Chapter 14 SEASONAL TREND IN BURROW
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BURROWING AND FEEDING IN NEREIS SEA
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Table 2. Results of a 2-way analysi
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June 1981 June 1982 is * N.MUD •
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8 10 I 12 JZ 5. -g 1*» •e o i 16
Page 307 and 308: 6 - n=!080 5 • g 4 CP > i 3 CO CD
Page 309 and 310: 1985) and Curlew (/wails ,v, Lsseli
Page 311: Chapter 15 VERSATILITY OF MALE CURL
Page 314 and 315: Smid! 1951. Muus 1967, Wolff 1973,
Page 316 and 317: 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 jaw lengih
Page 318 and 319: Na oi both Nrieck Fig. 7. Numenius
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Page 322 and 323: too (Fig. 11 A). Indeed, the averag
Page 324 and 325: VERSATILITY OF CURLEWS FEEDING ON N
Page 326 and 327: total time spent al the surface. Th
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Page 331 and 332: PREY DEPLETION BY OYSTERCATCHER AND
Page 333 and 334: the rule: the observed lower limit
Page 335 and 336: to locate the clams after they had
Page 337 and 338: Curlew, by bury ing some hundreds o
Page 339 and 340: PREY DEPLETION BY OYSTERCATCHER AND
Page 341 and 342: SAMENVATTING 345
Page 343 and 344: Voorgeschiedenis In 1960 verscheen
Page 345 and 346: maken. Als gebied A een grotere voe
Page 347 and 348: omdat ze nog vrijwel niets wegen. l
Page 349 and 350: kunnen opzuigen. of diep leven en z
Page 351 and 352: van de uitgerekte sifo over het wad
Page 353 and 354: het toen niet gemakkelijk hebben ge
Page 355 and 356: doende nonnetjes van 10 tot 15 mm l
Page 357: aangevoerde voedsel en de wulp past
Page 361 and 362: was dan ook dank/ij de inzet van al
Page 363 and 364: REFERENCES 367
Page 365 and 366: Allen RL. 1983. Feeding behaviour o
Page 367 and 368: BreyT. 1989. Der Einfluss physikali
Page 369 and 370: latie tol chironoiiiiilen en de wai
Page 371 and 372: huch der Vogel Milteleuropas, Band
Page 373 and 374: llolmann II. & H. Huerschelmann 196
Page 375 and 376: l-cndrem D.W. 1984. Flocking, feedi
Page 377 and 378: Pekkarinen M. 1984. Regeneration of
Page 379 and 380: lion of Mussels Mytilus edulis hy O
Page 381 and 382: lulal Dal esiuanes: a comparison of
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