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APPENDIX-PRESENT INDICATIVE, ETC. '253 act, and as sucb is predicated of tbe subject. Thus." The house is built." Here it is implied tbat the act of building is completed, and has ceased, and tbe result, expressed by built, is predicated of the house. In all verbs of tbis kind, the past participle, after the \'Crb to be, has reference to the state resulting frem the act .as prcdica~ed of, or .qualifying the subject of the verb, and not to the act Itself. Stnctly speakIDg, then, the past participle with the verb to be is not the present tense in the pn,si I'e voice of verbs thus used j that is, this form does not express passively the doing of the act. These verbs either have no present passive, or it is made by annexing the participle in iny, in its passive seme, to the verb to be; a~, .. The house i, building." It is supposed by some that" is built," though in the form of the present. passive, really is a present-perfect; because it represents the act as com. pleted, and because the perfect·definite, in Latin, is often translated by this form into English. Due consideration, however, I think will show that it differs quite as much frem the present·perfect as it does from the present. To be satisfied of this, compare the following expressions: "This garment is torn," merely asserts the present Btate of the garment, with no referencp- to the act hnt what is implied. But when we say, "This garment haB been torn," the reference is chiefly to thc act as having heen done, with no reference to the Btate of the garment but what is implied. The one asserts tbat the garment remains torn, the other does not-it may have been mended; the latter is the regular passive of the prescut'!Jerfect active, the former is not. Tbis will perhaps be more clearly perceil'cd by means of another example: "This house has been painted, but the paint is .com off." Tbis is good English. But if we say. "This house is painter!, but the paint i~ worn off," WP. should assert a contradiction. There is properly no passive form, in English, corresponding to the progrcssive form in the active voice, except ,,-bere it is maue by tLe particip!e in ing, in a passive sense; thus, "The house is building "-" The garments are making "-" Whent is selling," &c. An attempt has been Illade by some <strong>grammar</strong>ians, of late. to banish such exprcssions from the IRnguage, thongh they have been used in all time past by the best writer" and to justify and defend a clumsy solecism, which. has recen.tly been introduced chiefly through the newspaper press, but which has gained such cUl'I'ency, and is becoming so familiar to the ear, that it seems likely to prevail, with all its uncouthness and deformity. I refer to such expressions as "The house is being bnilt "_u 'The letter is being written "-" The mine is being worked ,,_u 'fhe news is being telegraphed," &c. &c. Respecting this mode of expreesion, it mny be noticed- 1. That it had uo existence in the langnage till within the last fifty years. This, indeed, woul? not make t~~ expression W!'o~g, were it. otherwise un~xceptionable, but Its recent orlgm shows that It IS not, as IS pretended, a neceB,ary form. 2. This form of expression, when analyzed, is founu not to express ~hat it is intended to express, and would be used only by such as are either ignorant of its import, or are careless and loose in their us~ of language. To make this manifest, let it be considered, first, that there IS no progres ,sive form of the verb to be, and no need of it; hence, there is DO Bu~h
ENGLISH GRAMMAR. expression in Englis~ as is being. Of co~rse •. the expr~ssion "i&. being built," for examp~e, IS not a compound of u being and b1tllt~ ~ut of 18 ~nd being built; tbat IS, of the verb to be OI'd t?e p~esent partlC1ple pa.as.we. Now, let it be observed that the only verbs III whIch the present partICIple pa8~i ve expresses a continued action are those mentioned .above as the first class, in which thc regular ras~ive form expre,ses a contznuance of the action' as is loved, is desired, &c., and in which of course the form in que~tion (i~ beinll boi/t) is not required. Nobody would think of saying, "He is bein'" loved "-" This result is being desired." In all othcr verb" then, the present participle passive, like the present tense, in the second class of verbs mentioned above, expresses, not a continued action. 01' the continued receiving of an action, but that the action had ceased, an,l the result only exists in a finished state. Thus, I. Our arrangements being made. we IlfJparted."-"Tbe house being finished, was immediately occupied."-" Our work being finished, we may rest," &c. In all such expre~sions, the prescnt participle passive repre€ents t.he action flS nolY .finished, and exi"ling only in its usults (509). This fiDlshed act, then, can not he made ,tt/finished and progressive, by being asserted of a subject, which is all the verb to be, as a copula, can express. Hence, it is manifest that is being built, if it mean anything', can mean nothing more than is built, which is not the idea intended to be expressed. 3. For the same reason that is being built, .1:c" is contended for as a pro· per expre~sion. we should contend also for" Has becn being bnilt "-" Had been being built "-" Shall h"ve been being built "-" Might have been being built "-" To be being' built "-"1'0 have been being built "-" Being being built "-" Baving been beiog built." When all these shall have been introduced, our langunge will be rich indeed. -1. The use of this form is justified only by condemning an established usage of the language, namely, the passive sense in some verbs of the par. ticiple in ;l1g (457). In refercnce to this it is flippantly asked, .t What
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PREFACE THIS work is prepnred on a
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INDEX AND TABLE OF CONTENTS, GUHIMA
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CONTENTS, VERBS, Number aud Person
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GRAMMAR. 1. GRAMMAR i~ both a SCIEN
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---~ ORTHOGRAPHY-LETTERS. 11 diphth
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ORTHOGRAPHY-SYLLABLES. 13 DIVISION
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ORTHOGRAPHY-SPET.J.ING. 15 RVLE v.
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ETYMOLOGY-WORDS. 17 PART I I. ETYMO
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ETYMOLOGY-NOUNS. 19 NOUNS. 100. A N
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ETYIIIOLOGY-NOUNS-PERSON. 21 PERSON
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ETYrtIOLOGY-NOUNS-PERSON. .21 PERSO
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ETYMOLOG Y-NOUNS-G ENDER. 23 Mascul
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ETYlIIOLOGY-NOUNS-NUlIIDER. 25 NUMB
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Singular. Plural. Brother (one of t
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ETy~roLOGY-NOUNS-NUMBER. 29 Singula
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ETYMOLOGY-NOUNS-CASE. 31 THE PLURAL
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ETYMOLOGY-NOUNS-POSSESSIVE. 33 for
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ETYMOLOGY-NOUNS. 35 What nouns are
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ETYMOLOGY-ARTICLE. 37 eated by the
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ETYMOLOGY-ADJECTIVES. 39 5. ])efini
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ETYMOLOGY-ADJECTIVES. 41 l~s8 and l
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ETYMOLOGY-AD.JECTI'VES • 43 .lIfo
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ETYMOLOGY-PRONOUNS. 45 PRONOUNS. 22
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ETYMOLOGY-PRONOUNS. 47 for my, &c.
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ETYMOLOGY-PRONOUNS. PARSING. 253. P
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ETYMOLOGY-PRONOUNS. 51 with au ivor
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ETYMOLOGY-PRONOUNS. 53 275. In old
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ETYMOLOGY -PRONOUNS. 55 285. It is
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ETYMOLOGY-PRONOUNS. 57 295. Own is
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ETYMOLOGY-PRONOUNS. 59 EXERCISES ON
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ETYMOLOGY-VERBS. 61 strikes me;" sl
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ETYMOLOGY-AUXILIARIES 63 THE USE OF
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JJ:TYMOLOGY-AUXILIARIES. 65 penr "_
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E'l'YMOLOGY-VERBS--VOICES. 67 360.
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ETYMOLOGY-VERBS-MOODS. 69 In paning
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ETYMOLOG Y-VERBS-MOODI>. 71 388. Th
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ETYMOJ,OG Y - VERBS-TENSES. 78 403.
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ETYMOLOGY-VERB-TENSES. 75 TENSES OF
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ETYMOLOGY-VERB-TENSEs. 77 TENSE OF
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ETYMOLOGY-PARTICIPLES. 79 458. The
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ETYMOLOGY-VERB-CONJUGATION. S1 1. T
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ETl'MOLOGY-VERB-CONJUG ATION. 83 PA
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ETYMOLOGY-VERB-CONJUGA TION. 85 PAR
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ETYl\wtOGY-VERB-CONJUGATION. 87 PRE
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ETYMOLOGY--VERB--CONJUGATION. 89 (D
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ETYl\10LOGY-VERB-CONJUGATION. 91 EX
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':TYlIIOLOGY-VERBS-CONJUGATION. 93
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ETYMOLOGY-VERB-CONJUGATION. 95 POTE
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ETYMOLOGY-"ERBS-IRREGULAR. 97 EXERC
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1!:TYl\IOLOGY-VERBS-IRREGULAR. 99 P
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El'Yl\IOLOG~-VERBS-IBBEGULAB. lOt P
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ETYlIIOLOGY-VERBS-DEFECTIVE. 103 51
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ETYMOLOGY-.\ DVERBS. 105 525. On th
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ETYMOLOGY-ADVERBS. 107 3. Many comp
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ETYMOLOG Y-PREPOSITIONS. 109 have e
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ETY ;o.IOLOG Y - PRli:POSITIONS. 11
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1;:TYlIfOJ.OGY-CONJUNCTIONS. tIS CO
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ETYMOLOGl'-PABSING. 115 PARSING. 57
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ETYMOLOGY-PARSING. 117 Previous to
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t'ry ~JOr,OG V--PARSING, It!} im1ls
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ETYMOLOGY-PARSING, 121 1. Alexander
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L He laughed at such folly. 2. They
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ETYMOLOG Y-PARSING. 12£> pbrase, i
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SYNTAX-ANALYSIS. 127 592. A compoun
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"YNTAS-ANAI.Y~T"· EXERCISES. I. In
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SYNTAX-ANALYSIS. 131 615. A grammat
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SYNTAX-A.NA.LYSIS. 133 Time flies.-
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SYNTAX-A NAT,\"5fS, 135 L.~DEPENDEN
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SYNTAX-ANALYSIS. 137 embark thither
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SYNTAX-ANALYSIS, 139 If the sentenc
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SYNTAX-ANALYSTS. 1.11 6. "Conversat
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SYNTAX-ANALYSIS. He who is first to
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RULES OF SYNTAX. 145 RULE I1I.-I. T
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tmLES OF SYNTAX. 117 (NOUN.)_II Say
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SYNTAX-ADJECTIVES. 149 674. A subst
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SYNTAX-ADJECTIVES. 151 grccn."-" Jo
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SYNTAX--ADJECTIVES. 153 8. It has b
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SYNTAX-ARTICLE. 155 709. The is som
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SYNTAX-ARTJCLE. 157 EXERCISES TO BE
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SYNTAX-PRONOUNS. 159 736. The perso
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TH SYNTAX-RELATIYE. 161 TIELATI \'E
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SYNTAX-NO:.lIlNATIVJ3. 163 (748) It
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SYNTAX-NO~lINATIYE. 165 770. In tbi
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SYNTAX-NOJ\IINATIVE. 167 "James or
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."'YNTAX-tior.nNATIVF.. 169 -Each d
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f'YNTAX-OBJECTIVE. 171 DOG it was t
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sYNTAX-OBJECTIVE. 173 voice as the
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SYNTAX-OBJECTlYE. 175 him and warne
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SYNi'AX-PREPOSITIOl\';. 177 He gave
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SYNTAX-PREPOSITIONS. 179 Eq ui vale
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SYNT A X-POSSESSIVE. 181 rode into
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BYNTA X-POSSESSIV~. 18~ the sign of
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SYNTAX-SUBJUNCTIVE. 185 SUBJUXCTIVE
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SYNTAX-INFINITIVE, 187 866. The inf
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SYNTAX-INFINITIVE. 189 886. The inf
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YNTAX-PARTICIPLES. 191 900, In this
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:;l'NTAX-TENSES. 193 CO~NECTION OF
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SYNTAX-ADVERBS. 195 our friend befo
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SYNTAX-ADVERB~. 197 PI~lislog varie
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di"tinctuc,~ of a whole I'iew.-Only
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SYNTAX-CON JUNCTIONS. 201 Though --
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Page 210 and 211: SYNTAX-ELLIPSIS 976. Another class
Page 212 and 213: SYNTAX-ELLIPSIS. 207 EXERCISES TO B
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Page 218 and 219: SY~TAX-PRO.l\lISCUOUS EXERCISES. 21
Page 220 and 221: A. clever bo\flle. He conducts well
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Page 224 and 225: PUNCTUATION. 219 tesourses in reser
Page 226 and 227: FIGURES. 221 FIGURES. 1039 A FIGURE
Page 228 and 229: POETIC LICENSES. 223 6. An hyperbol
Page 230 and 231: POETIC LICENSES • .. Still in har
Page 232 and 233: PROSODY-VERSI FIe A l'ION. 227 VERS
Page 234 and 235: PROSODY - VERSIFICA TION. 229 1. On
Page 236 and 237: PROSODY-VERSIFICA TION. 231 5. Five
Page 238 and 239: PROSODY-VERSIFICATION. 233 3. Time
Page 240 and 241: COMPOSITION. 235 COMPOSITION. 1119.
Page 242 and 243: COMPOSITION. 237 1135. In the secon
Page 244 and 245: COMPOSITION. 289 PROPRIETY. 1152. P
Page 246 and 247: COllIPOSITION. 2.Jl ~. By invel';io
Page 248 and 249: COMPOSITION. 24$ THEMES. 1164. The
Page 250 and 251: COMPOSITION. 245 88. Life is Short,
Page 252 and 253: .\PPENDIX-PRONUU NS MINE, ETC. --\\
Page 254 and 255: APPENDIX-ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. 249 5.
Page 256 and 257: APPENDIX-DIVISION OF VERBS. 2&1 inf
Page 260 and 261: APPENDIX-FIRST AND SECOND, ETC. 255
Page 262 and 263: APPENDIX-TWO FIRST, THREE LAST, ETC
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