alytical practical grammar - Toronto Public Library

52 ENGLISH GRAl\fMAR.
2. It is more commonly restrictive, and connects its clause with the
antecedent, in order to modify or restrict its meaning. Thus used, the
relative with its clause is equivalent to an adjective; as, "Every thing
which has life is an animal"=" Every livin~ thing is an animal." When
used in this way, the relative can not be resolved into and with a personal
pronoun, for we can not say, "Every thing is an animal, and it has life."
268. 'Illf~ relatives who and which are used in both senses. That is
used in restricti ,e, more commonly than in descriptive clauses.
269. Which is sometimes used as a demonstrative adjective pronoun
(303), equivalent to this or these, and qualifies or limits tbe snbstantive
following it (tJ 16); as, c, Which tbiugs are an al\egory"~" These things are
an al\ egory'"
270. In Englisb, a relative must always be in the same sentence with
itH antecedent, and, if restrictive, in close connectiou with it. In Latin,
t8e relative often bas its antecedent in a preceding sentence, and connected
witb it by a conjunctive term. When tbis is the case, it shfluld
be reudered into English by a demoustrative, or personal pronoun. This
difference of idiom should be carefully marked by classical students •• Sec
Lat. Gr., 295.
271. In such sentences as the followin~-" Shun such as are vicious"­
.. Send such as you have"-some grammariaos consider tbe word as a
relative: in tbe first example, as the nominative to are; and in the second,
as the objective, governed by have. Others, more properly, regard it, in
all sucb sentences, as a conjunction, and the expressions as elliptical-to
be supplied thus: "Shun such as [those wboJ are vicious."-" Send such
Q$ [Lbose wbicb] you have."-See Appendix IV. 248.
CO"jIPOUND RELA.TII'E PROKOUXS.
272. The relatives who, which, and what, with eva or soever annexed,
are called compound relatives. They are used instead of the simple relative
and a general or indefinite antecedent; aa, " JV!zosoever committeth
sin is the servant of sin;" tbat i3, "Anyone or everyone who committeth
sin," &c. .. TVhalaer is evil sbould be avoided;" tbat is, "Every thing
which is evil," &c,
273. Like the relative what, tbe compound relatives nre used only when
the indefinite antecedent is omitted. Whenever that is expressed the
eimple relative who, which, or that, should be used as in tne prec~ing
examples.
274. It is therefore not correct to say, eitber tbat these relatives include
tbe antecedents, and so have two cases, or tbat the antecedent is understootl.
Tbe snme reasoning that is applied to the relative what (266) is
equally applicable to the compound relatives, only it must be remembe:'ed
that the antecedent referred to in these, and to wbich one of the cases
properl'y belongs, is lliways a general or indefinite term.