RA 00015.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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Table 45. Performance of cultivars in cooperative national groundnut trials [AICORPO trial CVT (Bunch)] at ICRISAT Center during rainy and postrainy seasons, 1976. Mean time to 50% Shelling flowering Mean yield b percentage 100-kernel weight Cultivars Rainy a Postrainy a Rainy Postrainy Rainy Postrainy Rainy Postrainy (days) (days) (kg/ha) (kg/ha) (°/o) (%) (g) (g) Robut 33-1 29.6 40.8 1711 3715 55.0 79.2 32.18 54.58 X14-4-B-19-13 26.3 38.8 1017 3173 60.0 72.3 32.62 42.44 Ah-8189 27.0 38.8 1004 2448 62.5 77.7 22.02 31.82 Argentine c 27.5 38.3 962 3025 64.5 77.3 22.31 40.54 Pol-2 27.3 39.5 933 3063 64.0 74.2 27.30 34.42 X9-2-B-25-B 26.5 38.0 904 3440 64.0 74.2 25.48 43.86 X14-4-3-8-B 26.8 38.0 895 2336 59.0 70.8 27.65 43.54 FSB-7-2 27.0 38.0 895 3 333 62.0 78.6 25.75 36.72 OG-69-6-1 26.5 38.3 863 3490 66.0 74.2 26.52 32.22 MGS-7 26.8 38.5 855 2992 64.0 76.8 24.24 32.86 OG-71-3 26.5 38.0 838 2817 58.0 74.7 26.17 36.33 OG-1-13-3 26.8 39.3 835 3 344 64.0 77.6 27.83 44.28 NG-268 27.3 39.0 804 3317 52.0 78.7 23.54 29.82 MGS-8 27.0 38.5 802 3525 68.5 76.3 25.76 42.75 Ah-8254 27.5 38.3 754 3 242 60.0 78.3 22.45 40.35 99-5 26.5 39.0 738 3512 58.0 80.0 27.34 41.66 JH-89 27.0 39.0 736 2988 68.0 74.2 24.95 45.86 OG-3-24 26.8 37.8 723 3173 70.0 76.8 24.24 42.57 148-7-4-3-12-B 26.0 38.5 715 3312 65.0 75.8 23.90 36.68 MGS-9 26.8 39.0 698 3 709 62.0 77.8 22.32 30.26 FSB-7-5 27.3 39.0 684 2454 58.0 75.3 22.30 46.29 Ah-8253 27.0 38.5 669 2769 66.0 75.8 20.10 34.22 Tifspan c 27.0 38.0 479 2781 60.0 77.6 21.16 35.61 L.S.D. (0.05) C.V.(%) 191 16.77 814 18.55 a In rainy season trials, cultivars reached maturity in 102 days; in postrainy season trials, 160 days were required. b Mean yield over four replications. c Argentine and Tifspan were controls. Pathology Bud necrosis virus (BNV) was again observed in field plantings at ICRISAT Center in August 1976, some 40 to 50 days after planting, and the disease reached serious proportions. Surveys carried out in Andhra Pradesh showed that between 30 and 70 percent of the plants in some fields were infected with the virus. This disease has been reported from all groundnut-growing areas of India. The first symptoms on newly opened leaflets vary from small indistinct chlorotic rings to larger concentric rings interspersed with green islands. Later necrotic streaks appear on the petioles and spread down the stems. Often the terminal bud becomes necrotic and dies, 121
leading to proliferation of axillary shoots. The plants become stunted and later-formed leaves are smaller in size and show varied symptoms such as mottling, vein clearing, cupping, and curling; they sometimes become filiform. Early infected plants may die; even in less severe cases yield is greatly reduced. If kernels are formed they are small and wrinkled with dark lesions on the testa. The virus is easily transmitted mechanically as long as an antioxidant such as 2-mercaptoethanol is included in the phosphate buffer at pH 7.0. Several other antioxidants were tested but 2-mercaptoethanol was superior in that more local lesions were produced on the cowpea assay tissues were fixed in paraformaldehyde and 50 % gluteraldehyde and sent for electronmicroscopy to the United States, Australia, and Japan. Virus particles were not observed. Various insects were tested as possible vectors; of these only thrips (tentatively identified as Scirtothrips dorsalis) successfully transmitted the virus. Based on all the evidence available, it became apparent that the bud necrosis virus closely resembled tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) which has been reported only occasionally on groundnuts in USA, South America, South Africa, and Australia. Therefore, TSWV antiserum was obtained from sources in three different countries; peanut mottle virus (PMV) and Figure 47. Effect of virus on groundnut seed quality in petri dishes. host (Vigna unguiculata cv C152). Using infected sap with the buffer and 2-mercaptoethanol, some 16 genera of plants showed symptoms when mechanically inoculated. Physical properties of the virus were investigated using classical techniques and cowpea as an assay host. The thermal inactivation point (TIP) was calculated to be between 45 to 50 C and the dilution end point (DEP) was between 1 0 - 2 and 1 0 - 3 . Healthy and freshly infected leaf peanut stunt virus (PSV) antisera were also obtained from USA. Sheep red blood cells were coated with antisera of TSWV, PMV, and PSV. Various dilutions of healthy and virus-infected groundnut leaves were reacted against tanned blood cells coated with different sera. The cells coated with TSWV antibody gave titers up to 1/400 for healthy and 1/3200 for infected leaf extracts. PMV- and PSV-coated cells did not react with either healthy or bud necrosis-infected 122
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ICRISAT ANNUAL REPORT 1976-1977 I n
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About This Report This is the fourt
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F a r m i n g s y s t e m s 129,133
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Dr. Djibril Sene (Member) Delegatio
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N. Seetharama, Ph.D., plant physiol
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Acronyms and selected abbreviations
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Director's Introduction The year de
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A high point of the ICRISAT year wa
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Research has reached the stage wher
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Work continued on the ICRISAT water
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ing Board has established a standin
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made by the ICRISAT programs in Afr
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The efficiency of small plots in sc
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shows great potential for reduced s
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T H E C E R E A L S Sorghum (Sorghu
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S o r g h u m Germplasm Collection
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Table 1 continued Institution Locat
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ny are being evaluated jointly with
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Table 5. Grain-yield dsta on some e
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Table 7. The relationship between c
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Table 8. Yield data of selected gra
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3000 2 500 2000 A. M i l d Stress r
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Products Institute, London. The maj
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focused on learning how to manage o
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acetylene-induced ethylene producti
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P e a r l M i l l e t Germplasm We
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Figure 15. Cluster bagging and self
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Figure 18. Multiplication plot of a
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taken on potential parents, is bein
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Six hybrids in P M H T 1 yielded on
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the south (at Bhavanisagar) and wor
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Figure 22. Transverse section of th
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Relationship Among Plant Type, Popu
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materials in a sick-plot (i.e. a fi
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Ergot Less progress has been made w
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Using a 3:1 ratio to convert ethyle
Page 86: Pathology. The large-scale field sc
Page 89: search for new strains and related
Page 93 and 94: Available data on germplasm accessi
Page 95 and 96: Table 26 continued Institution Loca
Page 97 and 98: tivars in experimental plots. Ident
Page 99 and 100: niques will be tested for reliabili
Page 101 and 102: Figure 29. Screening for salt toler
Page 103 and 104: Nitrogen fixation by the nodules is
Page 105 and 106: fungus remained restricted to the u
Page 107 and 108: Whole-seed Protein vs. Dhal Protein
Page 109: The scope and limitations of taking
Page 113 and 114: accessions planted remained free of
Page 115 and 116: were carried out, particularly in I
Page 117 and 118: Table 37. Yield of chickpea followi
Page 119 and 120: 30 20 10 0 40 30 20 10 0 8 6 4 2 0
Page 121 and 122: weight and leaf area of the seedlin
Page 123 and 124: In an experiment to determine the e
Page 125 and 126: 0.75 0.65 0.55 r =+ 0.802** = - 0 .
Page 127 and 128: Table 42. Test and breeding materia
Page 132 and 133: G r o u n d n u t The groundnut imp
Page 134 and 135: Figure 45. Field hybridization tech
Page 138 and 139: leaf extract. The titers obtained w
Page 140 and 141: to be either Hoagland or Shrive and
Page 142: kernels. We also plan to examine th
Page 148 and 149: F a r m i n g S y s t e m s 1) To a
Page 150 and 151: 120 112 6 0 93 50 4 0 30 2 0 10 0 J
Page 152 and 153: 30 25 20 15 10 60 50 40 30 a . 0 7
Page 154 and 155: Table 47. Climatic characteristics
Page 156 and 157: years, rainfall has a tendency to c
Page 158 and 159: cm bed at 0.6 % slope) and BW4 C (r
Page 160 and 161: Table 48. Effect of row spacing and
Page 162 and 163: and graded to no symptom on the you
Page 164 and 165: possible. Excess tillage tends to a
Page 166 and 167: A study is being initiated to analy
Page 168 and 169: The effects of three contour bunds
Page 170 and 171: Table 51. Effect of land management
Page 172 and 173: Table 52. Effects of plant populati
Page 174 and 175: Table 54. Land Equivalent Ratio and
Page 176 and 177: 163
Page 178 and 179: Table 57. Larval parasitism on Heli
Page 180 and 181: Table 58. Pod numbers produced per
Page 182 and 183: Plants artificially lodged appeared
Page 184 and 185: 3000 2000 1000 0 M F V,F,M V,F V V
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which ratooning of pigeonpea has be
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maize and sorghum as intercrops rec
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with the traditional blade harrow o
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farming system is examined on an op
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wide range of agroclimatic and econ
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183
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An experiment comparing broad beds
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the evapotranspiration for sorghum
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was no more than 50 percent of the
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Table 71. Grain yields and rupee va
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stands and growth. The average gros
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Vertisol watersheds). Thus, to make
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References Cocheme, J., and P. Fran
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SHOLAPUR DISTRICT MAHARASHTRA PENIN
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100 90 80 Small farms Medium farms
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150 Intercultivation with bullocks
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Credit and Risk Data from ICRISAT's
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nearly suit the requirements of bor
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150 140 130 C h i c k p e a s 120 1
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28000 2 6 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0
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Interregional Trade and Welfare Spa
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C o o p e r a t i v e P r o g r a m
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utilizing six widely separated loca
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familiar with the Institute's ongoi
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Table 79. Persons completing long-t
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Figure 99. ICRISAT's program for in
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P l a n t Q u a r a n t i n e For t
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Table 81 continued Sorghum Millet C
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the University of Reading, U K , fo
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C o m p u t e r S e r v i c e s ICR
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L i b r a r y The Library was shift
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Figure 101. The ICRISAT Library and
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