RA 00015.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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stands and growth. The average gross value for the three cropping systems in the broad bed-andfurrow system treatment (RW1 D) was Rs 3 400, which is 39 percent greater than that of RW1 E (contour bunded) and 9 percent greater than R W l C which was flat planted along graded bunds at 0.6-percent slope. The pigeonpea yield on the Alfisols was generally greater than that on the Vertisols in spite of the low September/October rainfall and the relatively lower moisture-holding capacity of the Alfisols compared to Vertisols. A possible reason for this is that the Setaria intercrop on the Alfisols matured earlier and therefore competition was removed at an earlier date than with maize (cv SB-23) and sorghum grown on the Vertisols. Rainfall-use Efficiency In a year of less-than-average rainfall, it becomes critically important to utilize all available water with utmost efficiency to maintain optimum levels and stability of crop production. Developing a system for the best possible use of the total seasonal rainfall by means appropriate for the farmer of the SAT is the basic objective of the Farming Systems research program. Thus, effective rainfall as well as "water-use efficiency" need to be optimized in order to arrive at a high and profitable "rainfall-use efficiency" (RUE). 14 The RUE's were calculated on the basis of crop production under alternative treatments in research watersheds (Tables 71, 72, 73). The estimated RUE values obtained from several farming systems on selected watershed units are listed in Table 74. Gross RUE's varied from Rs 69/cm for a maize/pigeonpea intercrop in BW2 to only Rs 9/cm for sorghum grown with local technology after rainy season fallow on BW4 C. On deep 14 "Water-use efficiency" is defined as the agricultural production (in yield or value) in relation to the actual croprelated evapotranspiration (in cm). "Rainfall-use efficiency" is the product of effective rainfall- and water-use efficiency. 193
Table 74. Rainfall-use efficiencies obtained in alternative fanning systems on Vertisols and Alfisols at ICRISAT Center, 1976-1977. Watershed Cropping Systems Value of Gross No. and water use a,b produce RUE C Deep Vertisols: (Rs/ha) (Rs/cm) BW2 Maize/Pigeonpea 4960 69 Maize/Chickpea 3410 47 BW3 A Maize/Pigeonpea 4930 68 Maize/Chickpea NS 3800 53 Maize/Chickpea S 4511 63 BW4 A Sorghum/Pigeonpea 4130 57 Sorghum/Ratoon 3080 43 BW4C Sorghum Local 660 9 Sorghum Improved 1330 18 BW6B Sorghum Local 1240 17 Sorghum Improved 1330 18 Medium Deep Vertisols: BW7B Maize/Pigeonpea 3470 48 Maize/Chickpea NS 3250 45 Maize/Chickpea S 3850 53 BW8 A Sorghum/Pigeonpea 2210 30 Sorghum 1010 14 Alfisols: RW2 B Setaria/Pigeonpea 2640 40 Sorghum and Ratoon NS 3160 49 Sorghum and Ratoon S 3520 54 Groundnut/Safflower 3180 49 a Total rainfall during the growing season (Jun to Feb) was 720 and 650 mm on BW1-8 and RW2, respectively. b The symbol NS when added to a cropping system indicates that crops were grown rainfed and on residual soil moisture; the symbol S stands for the application of supplemental water. c Gross RUE is the rainfall-use efficiency calculated on the basis of the total vaiue of the products grown in a cropping system. Vertisols, the RUE values obtained on watersheds in broad beds were two to three times those obtained with traditional rainy season fallow with local and improved varieties. RUE's on medium deep Vertisols and Alfisols were substantially lower than those obtained in deep Vertisols. On both deep and medium deep Vertisols (at the 0.6 % slope) the RUE's obtained for intercrops and for the combined sequential crops were higher on broad beds than on flat-planted soils. There are clear indications that in years of early rainy season termination, the use of supplemental water to irrigate a second crop at planting time may be critical to substantially increase RUE on at least part of the land and to make it feasible to grow a sequential crop. On Alfisols, the RUE's on watersheds in broad beds generally exceeded those on flat-planted areas. The range of RUE values clearly shows the potentials of improved resource use in a year of relatively low rainfall in the late rainy season. It is of course realized that RUE values derived from gross returns, although reflecting the actual quantity of production, only partially reflect the differences between alternative systems of farming because of differentials between the costs incurred in different systems. However, some tentative calculations show that when input costs are taken into account, the differences in RUE values between improved and traditional systems become even greater. Implications and Future Plans Experience in watershed-based research over the past few years and agroclimatic analyses show that in many years sufficient moisture is available on deep Vertisols for intercropping or sequential cropping consisting of a short-duration rainy season crop followed by a dry season crop; the early termination of the rains the past year has been an exception. However, harvesting, drying, and threshing of crops during the latter part of the rainy season and the susceptibility of most present sorghum and millet genotypes to grain mold and weathering pose a serious problem (as a temporary solution, maize is grown on many 194
Page 2:
ICRISAT ANNUAL REPORT 1976-1977 I n
Page 5 and 6:
About This Report This is the fourt
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F a r m i n g s y s t e m s 129,133
Page 9 and 10:
Dr. Djibril Sene (Member) Delegatio
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N. Seetharama, Ph.D., plant physiol
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Acronyms and selected abbreviations
Page 16 and 17:
Director's Introduction The year de
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A high point of the ICRISAT year wa
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Research has reached the stage wher
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Work continued on the ICRISAT water
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ing Board has established a standin
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made by the ICRISAT programs in Afr
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The efficiency of small plots in sc
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shows great potential for reduced s
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T H E C E R E A L S Sorghum (Sorghu
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S o r g h u m Germplasm Collection
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Table 1 continued Institution Locat
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ny are being evaluated jointly with
Page 47 and 48:
Table 5. Grain-yield dsta on some e
Page 49 and 50:
Table 7. The relationship between c
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Table 8. Yield data of selected gra
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3000 2 500 2000 A. M i l d Stress r
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Products Institute, London. The maj
Page 57 and 58:
focused on learning how to manage o
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acetylene-induced ethylene producti
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P e a r l M i l l e t Germplasm We
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Figure 15. Cluster bagging and self
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Figure 18. Multiplication plot of a
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taken on potential parents, is bein
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Six hybrids in P M H T 1 yielded on
Page 74 and 75:
the south (at Bhavanisagar) and wor
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Figure 22. Transverse section of th
Page 78 and 79:
Relationship Among Plant Type, Popu
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materials in a sick-plot (i.e. a fi
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Ergot Less progress has been made w
Page 84 and 85:
Using a 3:1 ratio to convert ethyle
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Pathology. The large-scale field sc
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search for new strains and related
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Available data on germplasm accessi
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Table 26 continued Institution Loca
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tivars in experimental plots. Ident
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niques will be tested for reliabili
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Figure 29. Screening for salt toler
Page 103 and 104:
Nitrogen fixation by the nodules is
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fungus remained restricted to the u
Page 107 and 108:
Whole-seed Protein vs. Dhal Protein
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The scope and limitations of taking
Page 113 and 114:
accessions planted remained free of
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were carried out, particularly in I
Page 117 and 118:
Table 37. Yield of chickpea followi
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30 20 10 0 40 30 20 10 0 8 6 4 2 0
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weight and leaf area of the seedlin
Page 123 and 124:
In an experiment to determine the e
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0.75 0.65 0.55 r =+ 0.802** = - 0 .
Page 127 and 128:
Table 42. Test and breeding materia
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G r o u n d n u t The groundnut imp
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Figure 45. Field hybridization tech
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Table 45. Performance of cultivars
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leaf extract. The titers obtained w
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to be either Hoagland or Shrive and
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kernels. We also plan to examine th
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F a r m i n g S y s t e m s 1) To a
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120 112 6 0 93 50 4 0 30 2 0 10 0 J
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30 25 20 15 10 60 50 40 30 a . 0 7
Page 154 and 155:
Table 47. Climatic characteristics
Page 156 and 157: years, rainfall has a tendency to c
Page 158 and 159: cm bed at 0.6 % slope) and BW4 C (r
Page 160 and 161: Table 48. Effect of row spacing and
Page 162 and 163: and graded to no symptom on the you
Page 164 and 165: possible. Excess tillage tends to a
Page 166 and 167: A study is being initiated to analy
Page 168 and 169: The effects of three contour bunds
Page 170 and 171: Table 51. Effect of land management
Page 172 and 173: Table 52. Effects of plant populati
Page 174 and 175: Table 54. Land Equivalent Ratio and
Page 176 and 177: 163
Page 178 and 179: Table 57. Larval parasitism on Heli
Page 180 and 181: Table 58. Pod numbers produced per
Page 182 and 183: Plants artificially lodged appeared
Page 184 and 185: 3000 2000 1000 0 M F V,F,M V,F V V
Page 186 and 187: which ratooning of pigeonpea has be
Page 188 and 189: maize and sorghum as intercrops rec
Page 190 and 191: with the traditional blade harrow o
Page 192 and 193: farming system is examined on an op
Page 194 and 195: wide range of agroclimatic and econ
Page 196 and 197: 183
Page 198 and 199: An experiment comparing broad beds
Page 200 and 201: the evapotranspiration for sorghum
Page 202 and 203: was no more than 50 percent of the
Page 204 and 205: Table 71. Grain yields and rupee va
Page 208 and 209: Vertisol watersheds). Thus, to make
Page 210: References Cocheme, J., and P. Fran
Page 215 and 216: SHOLAPUR DISTRICT MAHARASHTRA PENIN
Page 217 and 218: 100 90 80 Small farms Medium farms
Page 219 and 220: 150 Intercultivation with bullocks
Page 221 and 222: Credit and Risk Data from ICRISAT's
Page 223 and 224: nearly suit the requirements of bor
Page 225 and 226: 150 140 130 C h i c k p e a s 120 1
Page 227 and 228: 28000 2 6 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0
Page 229 and 230: Interregional Trade and Welfare Spa
Page 232 and 233: C o o p e r a t i v e P r o g r a m
Page 234 and 235: utilizing six widely separated loca
Page 236 and 237: familiar with the Institute's ongoi
Page 238 and 239: Table 79. Persons completing long-t
Page 240 and 241: Figure 99. ICRISAT's program for in
Page 242 and 243: P l a n t Q u a r a n t i n e For t
Page 244 and 245: Table 81 continued Sorghum Millet C
Page 246 and 247: the University of Reading, U K , fo
Page 248 and 249: C o m p u t e r S e r v i c e s ICR
Page 250 and 251: L i b r a r y The Library was shift
Page 252 and 253: Figure 101. The ICRISAT Library and
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