RA 00015.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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An experiment comparing broad beds and furrows with flat cultivation at 0.4- and 1.0- percent slopes was conducted on an Alfisol by K. A. Shams, a graduate student from Sudan. 10 The first runoff-producing storm occurred 18 days after planting a sorghum/pigeonpea intercrop when the crop was small (Leaf Area Index of 0.3) and thus did not provide much plant cover. Even though treatments did not influence the amount of runoff, the amount of erosion under flat cultivation was 2.7 times that of the bed-and-furrow system (Table 69). There was no significant difference between slopes, but the erosion tended to be higher at the 1.0-percent slope. The pattern of subsequent storms was similar; however, the amount of erosion per rain was greatly reduced and the magnitude of differences much less due to the overriding effect of the increased plant cover later in the season. 0.08 0.07 BW 4C BW 1 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Weighted mean intensity (mm/hr) Figure 84. Effect of rainfall intensity on soil loss in a fallowed (BW4 C) and a cropped (BW1) watershed on a deep Vertisol. 10 Shams, K. A., 1977. "The effect of bed vs. flat cultivation at two slopes upon runoff, erosion, crop growth, and yield." Thesis submitted to Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Agriculture. 185
Table 68. Erosion on Vertisol and Alfisol watersheds at ICRISAT Center, 1976. Watershed Treatment Soil loss Table 69. Soil erosion from first erosive storm (90 mm on 21 Jul 1976) on an Alfisol at ICRISAT Center. Percent slope Cultivation method 0.4 1.0 Mean Flat Broad ridge L.S.D. (0.05) Groundwater (kg/ha) (kg/ha) 852 1309 327 470 (kg/ha) BW1 R / F , 0 . 6 7 % 800 BW2 R/F,0.6% 300 B W 3 A R/F, 0.4% 300 BW4A Flat, bunds 700 BW4B Flat, Gr. bunds 900 BW4C Fallow, bunds 9200 BW5B Fallow, R/F, 0.4% 3800 BW6A Flat, bunds 2200 BW6C/D Flat, C. bunds 200 BW8A Flat, bunds 500 R W 1 C Flat, Gr. bunds 2000 R W 1 D R/F, 0.6% 1800 RW1E Flat, C. bunds 400 RW2B R/F, 0.6% 2000 (kg/ha) 1081 399 365 Most groundwater levels, measured at piezometers, indicate no substantial change between May 1976 and May 1977 (Fig 85). An exception is found where observations were taken near to newly constructed Lake ICRISAT (BW8). On deep Vertisols, the groundwater levels increased by about 250 cm during the rainy season; this is equivalent to approximately 160 mm of water. 11 Thus, about 25 percent of the seasonal rainfall percolated through the root profile. On shallow and medium deep Vertisols, the storage capacity of the root profile is filled more rapidly and therefore groundwater levels increase earlier than in the deep Vertisols (Fig 85); the total quantity percolated through the profile during the rainy season amounted to about 265 mm, or 40 percent of the precipitation. On the shallow Alfisol watersheds, the quantity of water lost to groundwater can, from lysimeter observations, be estimated at about 230 mm, or about 35 percent of the rainfall. Thus, even during a rainy season of moderate total precipitation, very large quantities of moisture may be lost from the root zone particularly if, as in 1976, the duration of the rainy season is short while the total seasonal quantities are near normal. Crop Season Evapotranspiration Detailed data on evapotranspiration of several crops during both seasons were collected by the Soil Physics subprogram making use of lysimeters, neutron moisture probes, and tensiometers installed on watershed units (see page 144). The precipitation from 1 to 21 June (about 35 mm) did not contribute to plant growth, although final presowing cultivation was facilitated. The evapotranspiration of a sole maize (cv Deccan Hybrid 101) crop of 100 days duration, grown on deep Vertisols, was estimated at 350 mm; rainfall was well distributed and crops were not subject to drought stress. Maize (cv SB-23) grown as an intercrop in pigeonpea was of 93 days duration, and the evapotranspiration of the intercrop combination was estimated at about 310 mm up to maize harvest time. No detailed data were collected on medium deep and shallow Vertisols; however, no serious wilting of crops was observed and therefore similar figures may be used. On the basis of lysimeter data from medium deep Alfisols, it can be estimated that 11 The groundwater component is computed on the basis of an estimated S % available storage capacity of the deep subsoils. 186
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ICRISAT ANNUAL REPORT 1976-1977 I n
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About This Report This is the fourt
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F a r m i n g s y s t e m s 129,133
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Dr. Djibril Sene (Member) Delegatio
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N. Seetharama, Ph.D., plant physiol
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Acronyms and selected abbreviations
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Director's Introduction The year de
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A high point of the ICRISAT year wa
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Research has reached the stage wher
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Work continued on the ICRISAT water
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ing Board has established a standin
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made by the ICRISAT programs in Afr
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The efficiency of small plots in sc
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shows great potential for reduced s
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T H E C E R E A L S Sorghum (Sorghu
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S o r g h u m Germplasm Collection
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Table 1 continued Institution Locat
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ny are being evaluated jointly with
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Table 5. Grain-yield dsta on some e
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Table 7. The relationship between c
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Table 8. Yield data of selected gra
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3000 2 500 2000 A. M i l d Stress r
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Products Institute, London. The maj
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focused on learning how to manage o
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acetylene-induced ethylene producti
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P e a r l M i l l e t Germplasm We
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Figure 15. Cluster bagging and self
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Figure 18. Multiplication plot of a
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taken on potential parents, is bein
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Six hybrids in P M H T 1 yielded on
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the south (at Bhavanisagar) and wor
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Figure 22. Transverse section of th
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Relationship Among Plant Type, Popu
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materials in a sick-plot (i.e. a fi
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Ergot Less progress has been made w
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Using a 3:1 ratio to convert ethyle
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Pathology. The large-scale field sc
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search for new strains and related
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Available data on germplasm accessi
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Table 26 continued Institution Loca
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tivars in experimental plots. Ident
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niques will be tested for reliabili
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Figure 29. Screening for salt toler
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Nitrogen fixation by the nodules is
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fungus remained restricted to the u
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Whole-seed Protein vs. Dhal Protein
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The scope and limitations of taking
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accessions planted remained free of
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were carried out, particularly in I
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Table 37. Yield of chickpea followi
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30 20 10 0 40 30 20 10 0 8 6 4 2 0
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weight and leaf area of the seedlin
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In an experiment to determine the e
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0.75 0.65 0.55 r =+ 0.802** = - 0 .
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Table 42. Test and breeding materia
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G r o u n d n u t The groundnut imp
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Figure 45. Field hybridization tech
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Table 45. Performance of cultivars
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leaf extract. The titers obtained w
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to be either Hoagland or Shrive and
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kernels. We also plan to examine th
Page 148 and 149: F a r m i n g S y s t e m s 1) To a
Page 150 and 151: 120 112 6 0 93 50 4 0 30 2 0 10 0 J
Page 152 and 153: 30 25 20 15 10 60 50 40 30 a . 0 7
Page 154 and 155: Table 47. Climatic characteristics
Page 156 and 157: years, rainfall has a tendency to c
Page 158 and 159: cm bed at 0.6 % slope) and BW4 C (r
Page 160 and 161: Table 48. Effect of row spacing and
Page 162 and 163: and graded to no symptom on the you
Page 164 and 165: possible. Excess tillage tends to a
Page 166 and 167: A study is being initiated to analy
Page 168 and 169: The effects of three contour bunds
Page 170 and 171: Table 51. Effect of land management
Page 172 and 173: Table 52. Effects of plant populati
Page 174 and 175: Table 54. Land Equivalent Ratio and
Page 176 and 177: 163
Page 178 and 179: Table 57. Larval parasitism on Heli
Page 180 and 181: Table 58. Pod numbers produced per
Page 182 and 183: Plants artificially lodged appeared
Page 184 and 185: 3000 2000 1000 0 M F V,F,M V,F V V
Page 186 and 187: which ratooning of pigeonpea has be
Page 188 and 189: maize and sorghum as intercrops rec
Page 190 and 191: with the traditional blade harrow o
Page 192 and 193: farming system is examined on an op
Page 194 and 195: wide range of agroclimatic and econ
Page 196 and 197: 183
Page 200 and 201: the evapotranspiration for sorghum
Page 202 and 203: was no more than 50 percent of the
Page 204 and 205: Table 71. Grain yields and rupee va
Page 206 and 207: stands and growth. The average gros
Page 208 and 209: Vertisol watersheds). Thus, to make
Page 210: References Cocheme, J., and P. Fran
Page 215 and 216: SHOLAPUR DISTRICT MAHARASHTRA PENIN
Page 217 and 218: 100 90 80 Small farms Medium farms
Page 219 and 220: 150 Intercultivation with bullocks
Page 221 and 222: Credit and Risk Data from ICRISAT's
Page 223 and 224: nearly suit the requirements of bor
Page 225 and 226: 150 140 130 C h i c k p e a s 120 1
Page 227 and 228: 28000 2 6 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0
Page 229 and 230: Interregional Trade and Welfare Spa
Page 232 and 233: C o o p e r a t i v e P r o g r a m
Page 234 and 235: utilizing six widely separated loca
Page 236 and 237: familiar with the Institute's ongoi
Page 238 and 239: Table 79. Persons completing long-t
Page 240 and 241: Figure 99. ICRISAT's program for in
Page 242 and 243: P l a n t Q u a r a n t i n e For t
Page 244 and 245: Table 81 continued Sorghum Millet C
Page 246 and 247: the University of Reading, U K , fo
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C o m p u t e r S e r v i c e s ICR
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L i b r a r y The Library was shift
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Figure 101. The ICRISAT Library and
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