RA 00015.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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Using a 3:1 ratio to convert ethylene production into amount of nitrogen fixed, the highest activity was obtained with the line IP 2787 with a mean fixation for five plants of 560 µ g N/core per day, with a standard deviation of 749, and a range of activity from 17 to 1 586 µ g N/core per day. Other lines assayed at the same time had activities similar to that of soil cores without plant r o o t s - 6 µ g N/core per day. The activity on a dry-root-weight basis for IP 2787 was also high (2.29 µ moles C 2 H 2 g per hour), though the large support roots near the crown dominate the root weight of our cores. Fixation associated with the GAM-73 population assayed throughout the grain-filling stage varied from 16 to 80 µ g N/core per day (mean of five plants). For the growth stage at which nitrogen fixation is most active, individual plants ranged from 23 to 183 µ g N/core per day. Nitrogenase activity of GAM-73 throughout the summer season was positively correlated (r = 0.7) with soil moisture content in the top 20 cm of an Alfisol (Fig 25). The minor millets - Eleusine coracana, Panicum spp, P. miliare, P. miliaceum, Paspalum scrobiculatum, Eragrostis tef, Echinocloa colonum and Setaria italica-also had nitrogenase activity, as did some grasses (Table 24). Intercropping In four previous experiments with millet and pigeonpea at ICRISAT Center, the intercropping advantage averaged 22 percent. In this combination, the large difference in crop maturities played a major part in the positive interaction between the two crops. Where there is little or no temporal difference in growth patterns, intercropping may still be advantageous due to better "spatial" use of resources. This aspect was probably important in a 1976 experiment, in which four genotypes of pearl millet in all combinations with four genotypes of sorghum were examined. Nine of the 16 combinations gave advantages greater than 10 percent. The two highest advantages-in excess of 30 percent -came from the combinations of latest sorghum with earliest millet (sorghum 21 days later at harvest) and earliest sorghum with latest millet (millet 14 days later). The combination with the largest difference in height (sorghum 104 cm taller, and also 9 days later) gave an advantage of 24 percent. Next year, pearl millet will be grown in combination with groundnut in order to study growth patterns, plant population/spacing, genotype, N- and P-response curves, N fixation, and weed competition. 12 10 8 6 4 55 50 40 30 20 10 Soil moisture Nitrogenase activity 50 70 90 110 130 150 Days after planting Figure 25. Relationship between soil moisture content in the root zone and nitrogenase activity of pearl millet GA M 73 grown in Alfisol at ICRISAT Center, hot dry season 1977. 69
Table 24. Tropical grasses and minor millets with high nitrogenase activity. Nitrogenase activity (µg N/plant per day) Napier bajra 1788 a (Pennisetum purpureum x Pennisetum americanum) Setaria sphacelata 1353 a Pusa giant napier (P. purpureum) 780' Pennisetum orientate 369 a Panicum antidotale 261 a Panicum maximum 196 b Panicum miliare 5 1 b Eleusine coracana Sharda 176 b Setaria italica ISE186A 376 b S. italica Arjuna 343 b Sorghum halepense Chloris gayana Cymbopogon citratus Echinocioa colonum Pennisetum oleopecuroides 322 b 85 c 117 c 15 c 267 c a Total for three cores containing roots of one plant. b Mean of single cores from five plants. c Mean of single cores from three plants. L o o k i n g A h e a d i n Pearl M i l l e t I m p r o v e m e n t Germplasm. In collaboration with IBPGR, further collections of germplasm are planned in priority areas of West Africa and in Rajasthan in India. Breeding. The breeding program will continue to produce new varieties, synthetics, and hybrid parents for national and international testing, together with nurseries and resistance sources for breeders in national and regional programs. The breeding program provides for the introgression of desirable material-such as new sources of disease resistance - into existing composites; these are routinely used in variety crosses. New seed parents, particularly if they involve the A 2 and A 3 types, are now an urgent requirement. An increased number of crosses have already been made and additionally the IB and IR composite pair, designed to produce both seed and pollen parents, will come on stream in 1977. To further ICRISAT's role of fostering cooperation and interchange between millet scientists around the world, an International Workshop on Pearl Millet is scheduled to be held at ICRISAT in September of 1977. Physiology. We plan to evaluate seasonal effects on the development, growth, and yield of a standard set of millet cultivars in order to assess how such cultivar performance is influenced by season, and how much importance should be placed on off-season yield testing and physiological studies. We are planning experiments to help us determine how far we can extrapolate the results of our off-season drought-resistance screening. This will include testing the effects of a range of different stress treatments within the dry season and the establishment of a small nursery to be grown in drought-prone areas during the rainy season. Work on seedling vigor in millet will be expanded. Experiments will include comparison of methods for evaluating seedling-growth rates under favorable conditions, and development of methods for screening seedlings for drought tolerance and ability to emerge from crusted soils. Entomology. Observation on pest levels in standard cultivars will continue. Material coming forward from the breeding program will be assessed for relative susceptibility to pests, using standard cultivars as checks. Most of the entomological work on pearl millet will be done in West Africa where pests are more of a problem. Any millet pest species that becomes a problem anywhere in the SAT will be investigated. 70
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ICRISAT ANNUAL REPORT 1976-1977 I n
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About This Report This is the fourt
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F a r m i n g s y s t e m s 129,133
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Dr. Djibril Sene (Member) Delegatio
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N. Seetharama, Ph.D., plant physiol
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Acronyms and selected abbreviations
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Director's Introduction The year de
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A high point of the ICRISAT year wa
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Research has reached the stage wher
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Work continued on the ICRISAT water
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ing Board has established a standin
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made by the ICRISAT programs in Afr
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The efficiency of small plots in sc
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shows great potential for reduced s
Page 36 and 37: T H E C E R E A L S Sorghum (Sorghu
Page 40 and 41: S o r g h u m Germplasm Collection
Page 42: Table 1 continued Institution Locat
Page 45 and 46: ny are being evaluated jointly with
Page 47 and 48: Table 5. Grain-yield dsta on some e
Page 49 and 50: Table 7. The relationship between c
Page 51 and 52: Table 8. Yield data of selected gra
Page 53 and 54: 3000 2 500 2000 A. M i l d Stress r
Page 55 and 56: Products Institute, London. The maj
Page 57 and 58: focused on learning how to manage o
Page 59 and 60: acetylene-induced ethylene producti
Page 64 and 65: P e a r l M i l l e t Germplasm We
Page 66 and 67: Figure 15. Cluster bagging and self
Page 68 and 69: Figure 18. Multiplication plot of a
Page 70 and 71: taken on potential parents, is bein
Page 72 and 73: Six hybrids in P M H T 1 yielded on
Page 74 and 75: the south (at Bhavanisagar) and wor
Page 76 and 77: Figure 22. Transverse section of th
Page 78 and 79: Relationship Among Plant Type, Popu
Page 80 and 81: materials in a sick-plot (i.e. a fi
Page 82 and 83: Ergot Less progress has been made w
Page 86: Pathology. The large-scale field sc
Page 89: search for new strains and related
Page 93 and 94: Available data on germplasm accessi
Page 95 and 96: Table 26 continued Institution Loca
Page 97 and 98: tivars in experimental plots. Ident
Page 99 and 100: niques will be tested for reliabili
Page 101 and 102: Figure 29. Screening for salt toler
Page 103 and 104: Nitrogen fixation by the nodules is
Page 105 and 106: fungus remained restricted to the u
Page 107 and 108: Whole-seed Protein vs. Dhal Protein
Page 109: The scope and limitations of taking
Page 113 and 114: accessions planted remained free of
Page 115 and 116: were carried out, particularly in I
Page 117 and 118: Table 37. Yield of chickpea followi
Page 119 and 120: 30 20 10 0 40 30 20 10 0 8 6 4 2 0
Page 121 and 122: weight and leaf area of the seedlin
Page 123 and 124: In an experiment to determine the e
Page 125 and 126: 0.75 0.65 0.55 r =+ 0.802** = - 0 .
Page 127 and 128: Table 42. Test and breeding materia
Page 132 and 133: G r o u n d n u t The groundnut imp
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Figure 45. Field hybridization tech
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Table 45. Performance of cultivars
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leaf extract. The titers obtained w
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to be either Hoagland or Shrive and
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kernels. We also plan to examine th
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F a r m i n g S y s t e m s 1) To a
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120 112 6 0 93 50 4 0 30 2 0 10 0 J
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30 25 20 15 10 60 50 40 30 a . 0 7
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Table 47. Climatic characteristics
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years, rainfall has a tendency to c
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cm bed at 0.6 % slope) and BW4 C (r
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Table 48. Effect of row spacing and
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and graded to no symptom on the you
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possible. Excess tillage tends to a
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A study is being initiated to analy
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The effects of three contour bunds
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Table 51. Effect of land management
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Table 52. Effects of plant populati
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Table 54. Land Equivalent Ratio and
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163
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Table 57. Larval parasitism on Heli
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Table 58. Pod numbers produced per
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Plants artificially lodged appeared
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3000 2000 1000 0 M F V,F,M V,F V V
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which ratooning of pigeonpea has be
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maize and sorghum as intercrops rec
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with the traditional blade harrow o
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farming system is examined on an op
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wide range of agroclimatic and econ
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183
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An experiment comparing broad beds
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the evapotranspiration for sorghum
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was no more than 50 percent of the
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Table 71. Grain yields and rupee va
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stands and growth. The average gros
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Vertisol watersheds). Thus, to make
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References Cocheme, J., and P. Fran
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SHOLAPUR DISTRICT MAHARASHTRA PENIN
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100 90 80 Small farms Medium farms
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150 Intercultivation with bullocks
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Credit and Risk Data from ICRISAT's
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nearly suit the requirements of bor
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150 140 130 C h i c k p e a s 120 1
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28000 2 6 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0
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Interregional Trade and Welfare Spa
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C o o p e r a t i v e P r o g r a m
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utilizing six widely separated loca
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familiar with the Institute's ongoi
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Table 79. Persons completing long-t
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Figure 99. ICRISAT's program for in
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P l a n t Q u a r a n t i n e For t
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Table 81 continued Sorghum Millet C
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the University of Reading, U K , fo
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C o m p u t e r S e r v i c e s ICR
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L i b r a r y The Library was shift
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Figure 101. The ICRISAT Library and
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