RA 00015.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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farming system is examined on an operational or field scale, using animal draft power. This involves the monitoring of data on a Wide range of activities - which include inventories of natural resources, complete water-balance studies (measurements of rainfall, rainfall intensity, runoff, soil erosion, nutrient loss, consumptive use by plants, and deep percolation into shallow groundwater), investigations of rainfall-use efficiency, total annual production, human labor and bullock power utilization, and fertilizer, pesticide, and other material inputs used in the systems. The data are interpreted for each of the soil-, water-, and crop-management treatments on Alfisol and Vertisol watershed units. Since water is the first limiting natural factor for crop production in the SAT, improving the management of the water and the soil for increased crop production becomes the primary aim of the Watershed-based Resource Utilization research. In rainfed agriculture, only the rain which falls in a given area is used, thus the watershed or catchment is the natural focus for studies of water management in relation to crop production, resource conservation, and utilization. In the operational-scale research phase, economic evaluations are made in cooperation with the staff of the Economics program. All labor and draft-animal time spent in each watershed unit is recorded. At the end of each crop year, the input-output data from each of the watershedmanagement treatments being compared is assembled and reviewed. Measurements of relative profitability, rates of return on capital, labor, and animal power use, etc., are made and those treatments which appear consistently promising can be singled out for further study. Data from ICRISAT and other research institutions are also being employed in studies involving modelling and simulation of rainfall-runoff relationships and crop yield-moisture responses. The objective here is to assess the potential for water harvesting and supplementary irrigation under a Table 64. Land-, water-, and crop-management treatments on watersheds at ICRISAT Center. Watershed a No. Area b Planting method Technology used c Bund type d Runoff Storage (m 3 ) e Deep Vertisols BW1 3.41 Bed (0.6%) Impr Graded - BW2 3.96 Bed (0.6%) Impr Field - BW3A 5.21 Bed (0.4%) Impr Graded 4000 BW3B 2.15 Flat Impr Field 4000 BW4A 3.07 Flat Impr Field - BW4B 2.48 Flat Impr Graded 4000 B W 4 C N f 1.31 Flat Impr Field - BW4CS f 2.14 Flat Trad Field - B W 5 B N f 0.45 Bed (0.4%) Impr Graded - BW5BS f 0.67 Bed (0.4%) Trad Graded - BW6A 1.67 Flat Trad Field - B W 6 B N f 2.90 Flat Impr Contour - BW6BS f 1.79 Flat Trad Contour - BW7A 3.74 Bed (0.6%) Impr Graded 2000 continued 179
Table 64 continued Watershed 8 Planting Technology Bund No. Area b method used c type d Runoff Storage (m3) e Medium Deep and Shallow Vertisols BW6C 2.66 Flat Impr Contour - B W 6 D 1.80 Flat Impr Contour 6500 BW7B 2.70 Bed (0.6%) Impr Graded 2250 BW7C 2.54 Bed (0.6%) Impr Graded 1750 B W 7 D 4.09 Bed (0.1%) Impr Graded 4100 BW7E g 0,89 Bed (0.6%) Impr Graded - BW7F g 0.73 Bed (1.0%) Impr Graded 500 BW8A 2.37 Flat Trad Field - Alfisols R W I C 0.86 Flat Impr Graded 2900 R W 1 D 1.15 Bed. (0.6%) Impr Graded 2900 RW1E 1.58 Flat Impr Graded 2900 RW2B 2.87 Bed (0.6%) Impr Graded 12000 Grassed Watersheds BW12 2.25 - Ungrazed - - R W 3 A 2.87 - Ungrazed - - R W 2 A 28.90 a - Grazed - - a The two cropping systems applied on deep Vertisol watersheds BW1, BW2, BW3 A, BW3 B, BW4 B, BW7 A, and on medium deep Vertisol watersheds BW6 C/D, BW7 B, BW7 C, BW7 D, BW7 E, and BW7 F consisted of a maize/pigeonpea intercrop and maize followed by a sequential chickpea crop. Deep Vertisol watersheds B W 4 A and B W 6 A were sown to a sorghum/pigeonpea intercrop and sole sorghum. Deep Vertisol watersheds B W 4 C , BW5 B, and BW6 B were fallowed in the rainy season; sorghum and chickpea were grown in the postrainy season. On medium deep Vertisol watershed BW8 A, a sorghum/pigeonpea intercrop and a sole sorghum crop were grown. On Alfisol watersheds, sorghum, groundnut and a Setaria/pigeonpea intercrop were grown in the rainy season and a ratoon sorghum crop was grown in the postrainy season. (Varieties and yields are given in Tables 71, 72, and 73.) b All areas in hectares; large portions of BWS B, BW8 B and RW2 are not included, these areas are used for field-scale replicated experiments. c Improved technology Indicates the following: Improved cultivars. Improved implements with animal power. Initial land preparation (plowing) on Vertisols immediately after harvest of the last crop to»kill weeds and stubble; land preparation is completed during the extended dry season. On Alfisols, initial plowing is executed whenever an early shower occurs. Grassed waterways are established. Plant protection is executed with minimum use of pesticides. Fertilization: 75 kg/ha of 18-46-0 at planting and 67 kg N/ha side-dressed. Traditional technology simulates local practices: Local varieties. Traditional implements with animal power. Tillage is started after rains soften the soil. Farmers' field bunds remain the field boundaries. Plant protection with minimum use of pesticides. Fertilization: Farmyard manure at 50 cartloads/ha every second year. d Graded bunds in bed plantings are low terrace-cum-channels which serve as drains for the bed-and-furrow system and as turn space. Graded bunds in flat plantings are broad bunds with a channel of 0.4 % grade. Field bunds are the original villagers' field boundary bunds. Contour bunds are of standard size and design according to locally adopted specifications. e Several watersheds are sometimes served by the same runoff storage facility (e.g. BW3 A, BW3 B, and BW4 B); those watersheds, where supplemental irrigation is available, are frequently divided into a North and South (or East and West) section, water being applied to only half of the watershed. T h e rainy season-fallow watersheds (4 C, 5 B and 6 B) are in the postrainy season divided into subunits where improved and local technology is applied. (The watershed units BW7 E and F have been eliminated from comparisons because of the presence of eroded soils, salinity, and a disproportionate area under field bunds (see Table 70). 180
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ICRISAT ANNUAL REPORT 1976-1977 I n
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About This Report This is the fourt
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F a r m i n g s y s t e m s 129,133
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Dr. Djibril Sene (Member) Delegatio
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N. Seetharama, Ph.D., plant physiol
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Acronyms and selected abbreviations
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Director's Introduction The year de
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A high point of the ICRISAT year wa
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Research has reached the stage wher
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Work continued on the ICRISAT water
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ing Board has established a standin
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made by the ICRISAT programs in Afr
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The efficiency of small plots in sc
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shows great potential for reduced s
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T H E C E R E A L S Sorghum (Sorghu
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S o r g h u m Germplasm Collection
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Table 1 continued Institution Locat
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ny are being evaluated jointly with
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Table 5. Grain-yield dsta on some e
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Table 7. The relationship between c
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Table 8. Yield data of selected gra
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3000 2 500 2000 A. M i l d Stress r
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Products Institute, London. The maj
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focused on learning how to manage o
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acetylene-induced ethylene producti
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P e a r l M i l l e t Germplasm We
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Figure 15. Cluster bagging and self
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Figure 18. Multiplication plot of a
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taken on potential parents, is bein
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Six hybrids in P M H T 1 yielded on
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the south (at Bhavanisagar) and wor
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Figure 22. Transverse section of th
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Relationship Among Plant Type, Popu
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materials in a sick-plot (i.e. a fi
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Ergot Less progress has been made w
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Using a 3:1 ratio to convert ethyle
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Pathology. The large-scale field sc
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search for new strains and related
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Available data on germplasm accessi
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Table 26 continued Institution Loca
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tivars in experimental plots. Ident
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niques will be tested for reliabili
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Figure 29. Screening for salt toler
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Nitrogen fixation by the nodules is
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fungus remained restricted to the u
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Whole-seed Protein vs. Dhal Protein
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The scope and limitations of taking
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accessions planted remained free of
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were carried out, particularly in I
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Table 37. Yield of chickpea followi
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30 20 10 0 40 30 20 10 0 8 6 4 2 0
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weight and leaf area of the seedlin
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In an experiment to determine the e
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0.75 0.65 0.55 r =+ 0.802** = - 0 .
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Table 42. Test and breeding materia
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G r o u n d n u t The groundnut imp
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Figure 45. Field hybridization tech
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Table 45. Performance of cultivars
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leaf extract. The titers obtained w
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to be either Hoagland or Shrive and
Page 142: kernels. We also plan to examine th
Page 148 and 149: F a r m i n g S y s t e m s 1) To a
Page 150 and 151: 120 112 6 0 93 50 4 0 30 2 0 10 0 J
Page 152 and 153: 30 25 20 15 10 60 50 40 30 a . 0 7
Page 154 and 155: Table 47. Climatic characteristics
Page 156 and 157: years, rainfall has a tendency to c
Page 158 and 159: cm bed at 0.6 % slope) and BW4 C (r
Page 160 and 161: Table 48. Effect of row spacing and
Page 162 and 163: and graded to no symptom on the you
Page 164 and 165: possible. Excess tillage tends to a
Page 166 and 167: A study is being initiated to analy
Page 168 and 169: The effects of three contour bunds
Page 170 and 171: Table 51. Effect of land management
Page 172 and 173: Table 52. Effects of plant populati
Page 174 and 175: Table 54. Land Equivalent Ratio and
Page 176 and 177: 163
Page 178 and 179: Table 57. Larval parasitism on Heli
Page 180 and 181: Table 58. Pod numbers produced per
Page 182 and 183: Plants artificially lodged appeared
Page 184 and 185: 3000 2000 1000 0 M F V,F,M V,F V V
Page 186 and 187: which ratooning of pigeonpea has be
Page 188 and 189: maize and sorghum as intercrops rec
Page 190 and 191: with the traditional blade harrow o
Page 194 and 195: wide range of agroclimatic and econ
Page 196 and 197: 183
Page 198 and 199: An experiment comparing broad beds
Page 200 and 201: the evapotranspiration for sorghum
Page 202 and 203: was no more than 50 percent of the
Page 204 and 205: Table 71. Grain yields and rupee va
Page 206 and 207: stands and growth. The average gros
Page 208 and 209: Vertisol watersheds). Thus, to make
Page 210: References Cocheme, J., and P. Fran
Page 215 and 216: SHOLAPUR DISTRICT MAHARASHTRA PENIN
Page 217 and 218: 100 90 80 Small farms Medium farms
Page 219 and 220: 150 Intercultivation with bullocks
Page 221 and 222: Credit and Risk Data from ICRISAT's
Page 223 and 224: nearly suit the requirements of bor
Page 225 and 226: 150 140 130 C h i c k p e a s 120 1
Page 227 and 228: 28000 2 6 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0
Page 229 and 230: Interregional Trade and Welfare Spa
Page 232 and 233: C o o p e r a t i v e P r o g r a m
Page 234 and 235: utilizing six widely separated loca
Page 236 and 237: familiar with the Institute's ongoi
Page 238 and 239: Table 79. Persons completing long-t
Page 240 and 241: Figure 99. ICRISAT's program for in
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P l a n t Q u a r a n t i n e For t
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Table 81 continued Sorghum Millet C
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the University of Reading, U K , fo
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C o m p u t e r S e r v i c e s ICR
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L i b r a r y The Library was shift
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Figure 101. The ICRISAT Library and
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