RA 00015.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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F a r m i n g S y s t e m s 1) To assemble and interpret existing baseline data in several areas of science relevant to agriculture in the SAT. Rainfed agriculture has failed to provide even the minimum food requirements for rapidly increasing populations in many developing countries of the semi-arid tropics (SAT). Although the reasons are many, the primary constraint to agricultural development in the seasonally dry tropics is the lack of suitable technology for soil and water management and crop production under undependable rainfall conditions. The severity is amplified by generally high evaporative demands and, in many areas, by shallow soils with limited water-holding capacity. The situation is intensified because farmers have increased the cropping areas and livestock numbers in an attempt to provide the food required for expanding populations. Vast areas have been over-cropped and over-grazed, resulting in serious soil degradation. The decreasing production potential has intensified the quest for additional land. To break this vicious circle, more stable forms of land use-forms which preserve, maintain, and better utilize the productive capacity of available resources-are urgently needed. The Farming Systems research program at ICRISAT Center is striving to do research which will make a contribution to an improved economic status and quality of life for small farmers with limited means who comprise the majority of the farming population of the SAT. The larger farmers, who occupy most of the land and employ much of the landless labor are also expected to benefit. By investigating all facets of resource inventory, development, management, and utilization and all factors involving crop production in a systems approach, scientists at ICRISAT expect to develop basic principles, approaches, and methodologies which can be readily adapted as alternative, economically viable farming systems in the SAT. To meet its objectives, the Farming Systems research program is involved in the following activities: 2) To assemble and communicate to cooperators basic and applied research results related to farming in the SAT. 3) To conduct basic and supportive research in agroclimatology, hydrology, soil physics, soil fertility and chemistry, farm implements, land and water management, agronomy, and cropping systems. 4) To perform simulation or systems-analytic studies based on climate, soil, and socioeconomic information, so as to predict potentials of new crops, cropping systems, and soil-, water-, and crop-management practices. 5) To organize international cooperative trials to rapidly gain information about the performance of a practice, technique, or approach over time at the same location and/or across locations. 6) To provide support and expertise for ICRISAT training programs which are concerned with farming systems. 7) To perform research on resource management, crop production, and resource conservation at ICRISAT Center and selected bench-mark locations. Results of the past year's work are reported in the following major categories: Research in subprogram areas Watershed-based resource utilization research Cooperative research with national programs R e s e a r c h i n S u b p r o g r a m s Much of the research in the various subprograms is carried out on a wide spectrum of activities or 133
experiments within the particular disciplines involved. These range from basic studies to applied studies which may find immediate application for increased production. However, each subprogram has a problem-oriented focus towards the stated ICRISAT objective: " T o develop farming systems which will help to increase and stabilize agricultural production through better use of natural and human resources in the seasonally dry semi-arid tropics." "Watershed-based resource utilization research" is conducted on watershed units on Alfisols and Vertisols. It is the operational testing ground for principles and leads developed in the various subprograms where rainfall-use efficiency and economics of alternative farming systems are investigated. Thus scientists in all subprograms in the Farming Systems research program, as well as economists, plant breeders, entomologists, physiologists, pathologists, and microbiologists, are involved in facets of the operational-scale systems research in the watershed units. rainfall patterns are produced. Because of the high evaporative demand during most of the growing season, variations in the timing and amounts of precipitation are generally the key factors influencing the agricultural-production potentiality of a given SAT region. Weather at I C R I S A T Center This year both the onset and withdrawal of the rainy season were earlier than normal. This facilitated the timely planting of rainy season crops, but adversely affected the seeding of postrainy season crops, which was delayed. The total amount of rainfall received during the year was near normal at 752 mm (normal is 800 mm). Monthly totals of precipitation recorded from June 1976 to May 1977 are compared with longterm averages in Table 46. July and August received respectively 30 and 90 percent more rainfall than average, while September received only about 40 percent of the average. These data once again show that rainfall in the SAT is quite Agroclimatology Crop production and crop suitability, for a particular cultivar at a particular location, are determined primarily by interaction of moisture, temperature, and radiation. In planning for agricultural development and transfer of agricultural technology, climatic data is essential. The Agroclimatology subprogram is therefore primarily concerned with the collection, assembly, and interpretation of climatic data for ICRISAT Center and other locations of concern in the SAT. The quantification of the moisture environment for crop growth is also being attempted. A sample analysis for the Hyderabad area of India was reported in ICRISAT's 1975— 1976 Annual Report. The distinctive characteristics of the semi-arid tropics have major influence on the distribution of natural endowments-soils, rainfall, and climate. These areas are well supplied with radiant cnergy, but because of variations in the weather system and orographic influences, a variety of Table 46. Average monthly rainfall and rainfall received during 1976-1977 at ICRISAT Center. Month Average rainfall Rainfall Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Total (mm) 115.5 171.5 156.0 181.0 67.0 23.5 6.0 5.5 (mm) 86.0 219.3 298.7 74.0 0.6 29.7 11.0 12.5 24.0 7.5 26.5 36.0 800.0 751.8 134
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ICRISAT ANNUAL REPORT 1976-1977 I n
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About This Report This is the fourt
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F a r m i n g s y s t e m s 129,133
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Dr. Djibril Sene (Member) Delegatio
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N. Seetharama, Ph.D., plant physiol
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Acronyms and selected abbreviations
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Director's Introduction The year de
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A high point of the ICRISAT year wa
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Research has reached the stage wher
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Work continued on the ICRISAT water
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ing Board has established a standin
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made by the ICRISAT programs in Afr
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The efficiency of small plots in sc
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shows great potential for reduced s
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T H E C E R E A L S Sorghum (Sorghu
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S o r g h u m Germplasm Collection
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Table 1 continued Institution Locat
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ny are being evaluated jointly with
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Table 5. Grain-yield dsta on some e
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Table 7. The relationship between c
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Table 8. Yield data of selected gra
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3000 2 500 2000 A. M i l d Stress r
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Products Institute, London. The maj
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focused on learning how to manage o
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acetylene-induced ethylene producti
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P e a r l M i l l e t Germplasm We
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Figure 15. Cluster bagging and self
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Figure 18. Multiplication plot of a
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taken on potential parents, is bein
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Six hybrids in P M H T 1 yielded on
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the south (at Bhavanisagar) and wor
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Figure 22. Transverse section of th
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Relationship Among Plant Type, Popu
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materials in a sick-plot (i.e. a fi
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Ergot Less progress has been made w
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Using a 3:1 ratio to convert ethyle
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Pathology. The large-scale field sc
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search for new strains and related
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Available data on germplasm accessi
Page 95 and 96: Table 26 continued Institution Loca
Page 97 and 98: tivars in experimental plots. Ident
Page 99 and 100: niques will be tested for reliabili
Page 101 and 102: Figure 29. Screening for salt toler
Page 103 and 104: Nitrogen fixation by the nodules is
Page 105 and 106: fungus remained restricted to the u
Page 107 and 108: Whole-seed Protein vs. Dhal Protein
Page 109: The scope and limitations of taking
Page 113 and 114: accessions planted remained free of
Page 115 and 116: were carried out, particularly in I
Page 117 and 118: Table 37. Yield of chickpea followi
Page 119 and 120: 30 20 10 0 40 30 20 10 0 8 6 4 2 0
Page 121 and 122: weight and leaf area of the seedlin
Page 123 and 124: In an experiment to determine the e
Page 125 and 126: 0.75 0.65 0.55 r =+ 0.802** = - 0 .
Page 127 and 128: Table 42. Test and breeding materia
Page 132 and 133: G r o u n d n u t The groundnut imp
Page 134 and 135: Figure 45. Field hybridization tech
Page 136 and 137: Table 45. Performance of cultivars
Page 138 and 139: leaf extract. The titers obtained w
Page 140 and 141: to be either Hoagland or Shrive and
Page 142: kernels. We also plan to examine th
Page 150 and 151: 120 112 6 0 93 50 4 0 30 2 0 10 0 J
Page 152 and 153: 30 25 20 15 10 60 50 40 30 a . 0 7
Page 154 and 155: Table 47. Climatic characteristics
Page 156 and 157: years, rainfall has a tendency to c
Page 158 and 159: cm bed at 0.6 % slope) and BW4 C (r
Page 160 and 161: Table 48. Effect of row spacing and
Page 162 and 163: and graded to no symptom on the you
Page 164 and 165: possible. Excess tillage tends to a
Page 166 and 167: A study is being initiated to analy
Page 168 and 169: The effects of three contour bunds
Page 170 and 171: Table 51. Effect of land management
Page 172 and 173: Table 52. Effects of plant populati
Page 174 and 175: Table 54. Land Equivalent Ratio and
Page 176 and 177: 163
Page 178 and 179: Table 57. Larval parasitism on Heli
Page 180 and 181: Table 58. Pod numbers produced per
Page 182 and 183: Plants artificially lodged appeared
Page 184 and 185: 3000 2000 1000 0 M F V,F,M V,F V V
Page 186 and 187: which ratooning of pigeonpea has be
Page 188 and 189: maize and sorghum as intercrops rec
Page 190 and 191: with the traditional blade harrow o
Page 192 and 193: farming system is examined on an op
Page 194 and 195: wide range of agroclimatic and econ
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183
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An experiment comparing broad beds
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the evapotranspiration for sorghum
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was no more than 50 percent of the
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Table 71. Grain yields and rupee va
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stands and growth. The average gros
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Vertisol watersheds). Thus, to make
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References Cocheme, J., and P. Fran
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SHOLAPUR DISTRICT MAHARASHTRA PENIN
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100 90 80 Small farms Medium farms
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150 Intercultivation with bullocks
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Credit and Risk Data from ICRISAT's
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nearly suit the requirements of bor
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150 140 130 C h i c k p e a s 120 1
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28000 2 6 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0
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Interregional Trade and Welfare Spa
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C o o p e r a t i v e P r o g r a m
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utilizing six widely separated loca
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familiar with the Institute's ongoi
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Table 79. Persons completing long-t
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Figure 99. ICRISAT's program for in
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P l a n t Q u a r a n t i n e For t
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Table 81 continued Sorghum Millet C
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the University of Reading, U K , fo
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C o m p u t e r S e r v i c e s ICR
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L i b r a r y The Library was shift
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Figure 101. The ICRISAT Library and
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