RA 00015.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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which ratooning of pigeonpea has been tried, more research is needed before attempting conclusions. Economic analysis of sorghum and maize/ pigeonpea intercrops. In the economic analysis, we considered total costs of input and the total value, including sorghum fodder. In the sorghum trial on Alfisols, the net benefit was by far the highest with Treatment 8. The next highest benefit was recorded for Treatment 4, showing that the traditional variety also responded reasonably well to improved management and fertilization. In all treatments with traditional F Y M fertilization, the net benefits were negative (Table 60). The highest rate of return in the maize/pigeonpea intercrop was for Treatment 8 (Fig 78). 8 The net benefits were highest for Treatments 8 and 10. Traditional methods (Treatment 1) showed negative net benefits and 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 -20 5 1000 2 6 1200 1400 1600 1800 1 Variable costs (Rs/ha) Figure 78. Returns from various steps in improved technology with a maize/ pigeonpea intercrop on a Vertisol at ICRISAT Center, 1976-1977. Treatment numbers (top of bar) are explained in Table 61. 8 Costs recorded for an application of 10 cm/ha is Rs 590, which equate Rs 5900/ha-m or about $70/acre-foot. Tank technology and water application research is under way to find lower-cost methods of providing supplemental irrigation. 3 8 4 7 9 10 rates of return, while all the other treatments showed a positive rate of return (Table 61; Fig 78). Weed management in "Steps in Improved Technology" trial. Weed growth early in the rainy season is very rapid and if weeds are not removed on time, serious yield reductions can result. In Alfisols, which dry rapidly after a rain, hand weeding can be easily achieved. However, in Vertisols one may face serious problems when frequent rains while crops are in the seedling stage prevent the control of weeds by cultural or hand-weeding methods. During the past season, the improved technology treatments received a minimal amount of herbicides which was very helpful in reducing weed competition in the early stage. This was particularly true on the Vertisols, where with traditional management the average number of woman days/ha for hand weeding was 48. With improved management, where alachlor was used at the rate of 0.75 kg/ha and where effective cultivation was possible in the broad bed and furrow system, only 10 woman days per hectare were needed. Thus, the hand weeding cost/ha was Rs 171/ha more in the traditional than in the improved management. In the A l - fisols, the total of two hand weedings required 30 and 56 woman days/ha for improved and traditional management, respectively; hand weeding costs in traditional and improved treatments were Rs 252 and 135 per ha, respectively. Further investigations on Vertisols are under way to try to develop an effective low-cost means of controlling weeds in the early stages under the wide range of rainfall conditions which occurs from year to year. Yield comparisons: random samples vs. entire plot. In the maize/pigeonpea intercrop experiment on Vertisols, grain yields were determined by two methods-random selection of four sub samples (1.5 by 8 m) vs. harvest of the entire plot. Although there was some variation between replicates, within given treatments the two procedures correlated very closely. The average yield of all treatments determined by the randomsample procedure was 44 kg/ha higher than the 173
yield obtained from harvesting the entire plot. This represents a difference of 2.4 percent. This, along with the information obtained by comparing the two harvest systems in several watersheds, gives confidence in the random-sampling procedure. Weed-management Research Intercropping. To investigate the influence of intercropping different crops on the trends in weed infestation, and to determine the nature and extent of weed problems in various pigeonpea-based intercropping systems, two field trials were conducted. Intercrops of cowpea and maize suppressed weeds in the early stages to the greatest extent, followed by mung, sorghum, and groundnuts. Weed infestation on both soil types was about the same in the early part of the season, but late-season weeds yielded two to four times higher weed weights in Vertisols than in Alfisols (Fig 79). The effect of intercrops on weed growth was perceptible even by the time of first hand weeding at 25 days. Though cowpea efficiently suppressed weeds in the early stages, weeds reappeared after the harvest. Systems with 2 400 2 200 2000 1800 Pigeonpea (alone) Pigeonpea/pearl m i l l e t Pigeonpea/ mungbean Pigeonpea/raaize Pigeonpea/groundnut Pigeonpea/sorghum Pigeonpea/cowpea 1600 1400 A l f i s o l V e r t i s o l 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 Days after planting 0 30 60 90 120 15Q 180 Days after planting Figure79. Weed growth in pigeonpea-based intercrop systems on Alfisols and Vertisols, ICRISAT Center, 1976-1977. 174
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ICRISAT ANNUAL REPORT 1976-1977 I n
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About This Report This is the fourt
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F a r m i n g s y s t e m s 129,133
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Dr. Djibril Sene (Member) Delegatio
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N. Seetharama, Ph.D., plant physiol
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Acronyms and selected abbreviations
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Director's Introduction The year de
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A high point of the ICRISAT year wa
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Research has reached the stage wher
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Work continued on the ICRISAT water
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ing Board has established a standin
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made by the ICRISAT programs in Afr
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The efficiency of small plots in sc
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shows great potential for reduced s
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T H E C E R E A L S Sorghum (Sorghu
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S o r g h u m Germplasm Collection
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Table 1 continued Institution Locat
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ny are being evaluated jointly with
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Table 5. Grain-yield dsta on some e
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Table 7. The relationship between c
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Table 8. Yield data of selected gra
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3000 2 500 2000 A. M i l d Stress r
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Products Institute, London. The maj
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focused on learning how to manage o
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acetylene-induced ethylene producti
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P e a r l M i l l e t Germplasm We
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Figure 15. Cluster bagging and self
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Figure 18. Multiplication plot of a
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taken on potential parents, is bein
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Six hybrids in P M H T 1 yielded on
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the south (at Bhavanisagar) and wor
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Figure 22. Transverse section of th
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Relationship Among Plant Type, Popu
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materials in a sick-plot (i.e. a fi
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Ergot Less progress has been made w
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Using a 3:1 ratio to convert ethyle
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Pathology. The large-scale field sc
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search for new strains and related
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Available data on germplasm accessi
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Table 26 continued Institution Loca
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tivars in experimental plots. Ident
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niques will be tested for reliabili
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Figure 29. Screening for salt toler
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Nitrogen fixation by the nodules is
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fungus remained restricted to the u
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Whole-seed Protein vs. Dhal Protein
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The scope and limitations of taking
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accessions planted remained free of
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were carried out, particularly in I
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Table 37. Yield of chickpea followi
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30 20 10 0 40 30 20 10 0 8 6 4 2 0
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weight and leaf area of the seedlin
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In an experiment to determine the e
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0.75 0.65 0.55 r =+ 0.802** = - 0 .
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Table 42. Test and breeding materia
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G r o u n d n u t The groundnut imp
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Figure 45. Field hybridization tech
Page 136 and 137: Table 45. Performance of cultivars
Page 138 and 139: leaf extract. The titers obtained w
Page 140 and 141: to be either Hoagland or Shrive and
Page 142: kernels. We also plan to examine th
Page 148 and 149: F a r m i n g S y s t e m s 1) To a
Page 150 and 151: 120 112 6 0 93 50 4 0 30 2 0 10 0 J
Page 152 and 153: 30 25 20 15 10 60 50 40 30 a . 0 7
Page 154 and 155: Table 47. Climatic characteristics
Page 156 and 157: years, rainfall has a tendency to c
Page 158 and 159: cm bed at 0.6 % slope) and BW4 C (r
Page 160 and 161: Table 48. Effect of row spacing and
Page 162 and 163: and graded to no symptom on the you
Page 164 and 165: possible. Excess tillage tends to a
Page 166 and 167: A study is being initiated to analy
Page 168 and 169: The effects of three contour bunds
Page 170 and 171: Table 51. Effect of land management
Page 172 and 173: Table 52. Effects of plant populati
Page 174 and 175: Table 54. Land Equivalent Ratio and
Page 176 and 177: 163
Page 178 and 179: Table 57. Larval parasitism on Heli
Page 180 and 181: Table 58. Pod numbers produced per
Page 182 and 183: Plants artificially lodged appeared
Page 184 and 185: 3000 2000 1000 0 M F V,F,M V,F V V
Page 188 and 189: maize and sorghum as intercrops rec
Page 190 and 191: with the traditional blade harrow o
Page 192 and 193: farming system is examined on an op
Page 194 and 195: wide range of agroclimatic and econ
Page 196 and 197: 183
Page 198 and 199: An experiment comparing broad beds
Page 200 and 201: the evapotranspiration for sorghum
Page 202 and 203: was no more than 50 percent of the
Page 204 and 205: Table 71. Grain yields and rupee va
Page 206 and 207: stands and growth. The average gros
Page 208 and 209: Vertisol watersheds). Thus, to make
Page 210: References Cocheme, J., and P. Fran
Page 215 and 216: SHOLAPUR DISTRICT MAHARASHTRA PENIN
Page 217 and 218: 100 90 80 Small farms Medium farms
Page 219 and 220: 150 Intercultivation with bullocks
Page 221 and 222: Credit and Risk Data from ICRISAT's
Page 223 and 224: nearly suit the requirements of bor
Page 225 and 226: 150 140 130 C h i c k p e a s 120 1
Page 227 and 228: 28000 2 6 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0
Page 229 and 230: Interregional Trade and Welfare Spa
Page 232 and 233: C o o p e r a t i v e P r o g r a m
Page 234 and 235: utilizing six widely separated loca
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familiar with the Institute's ongoi
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Table 79. Persons completing long-t
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Figure 99. ICRISAT's program for in
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P l a n t Q u a r a n t i n e For t
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Table 81 continued Sorghum Millet C
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the University of Reading, U K , fo
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C o m p u t e r S e r v i c e s ICR
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L i b r a r y The Library was shift
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Figure 101. The ICRISAT Library and
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