RA 00015.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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years, rainfall has a tendency to continue after the normal date of recession. Crops sensitive to wet weather at maturity should not be selected, particularly in the Vertisols. The above comparison between Hyderabad and Sholapur is just one example of the employment of climatic data for selecting crops or varieties to suit the weather. Depending upon the nature of the investigator's interest, such a procedure could be used for any station (for which data is available) for planning several cultural practices-including selection of methods of land layout, seedbed preparation, selection of sowing dates and methods of sowing, weeding, degree of mechanization, and type of equipment to be used. H y d r o l o g y In most farming systems of the SAT, only a relatively small portion (about 20 to 50 %) of the annual rainfall is actually used for crop production. To determine the potentials for improvement, the Hydrology subprogram is concerned with the fate of all water, not only that which is immediately available in the crop root zone for evapotranspiration, but also that which runs off or drains to deeper layers beyond the root profile. Although considerable information is available on the hydrology of large catchments with perennial vegetation, our knowledge of the actual water balances of small agricultural watersheds is fragmentary. Most hydrologic studies at ICRISAT are conducted as part of watershedbased resource utilization research or of cooperative research. The objectives of the Hydrology subprogram are: (i) To contribute to the quantification of runoff probabilities, groundwater hydrology, and erosion behavior under alternative management treatments in agricultural watersheds for various agroclimatic zones. (ii) To assist in the development of hydrologic models and simulation programs for the interpretation and extrapolation of hydrologic research findings to major agroclimatic zones. (iii) To develop methodology and equipment for hydrologic research. Sediment Distribution and Runoff Sampling Measurements of sediment density variation during runoff events show that considerable error in erosion estimates might result when these are based on few samples (Fig 61). Sediment concentrations at relatively brief peak times may be twice as large as those observed during most of the remaining part of a hydrograph. The vertical sediment distribution at the converging and diverging sections of Parshall flumes was determined for Vertisols and Alfisols. The distribution of suspended particles at different flow depths was relatively stable on Vertisols. However, a greater variation was observed for Alfisols; this is presumably caused by a larger fraction of coarse sediment in eroded material from such soils. Thus, accurate erosion estimates require sampling at frequent intervals and several flow depths during a runoff event. Two different types of sediment samplers, based on these requirements, are presently being tested on research watersheds (Fig 62). Observations on the Runoff Process in Small Watersheds Preliminary studies on modelling and simulation of the runoff process characterizing small agricultural watersheds have shown the overriding importance of rainfall intensity and canopy development. The effect of the weighted mean intensity ( W M I ) 4 of storms on the rainfall-runoff conversion system during two distinct crop canopy periods in the rainy season on BW1 (150- 4 To determine W M I , a storm of varying rainfall intensity is subdivided into sections of similar intensity I 1 , I 2 , . I n ; if the precipitation in these sections is R 1 , R 2 , R n , then WMI - [(I 1 /R I ) + (I 1 /R 2 )+....(I n /R n ) /(R 1 +R 2 +.... 141
0.025 0.020 Sediment concentration Runoff rate 0.015 0.010 0.005 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 Minutes 0.01 0 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 Minutes Figure 61. Sediment concentration and runoff rate during two storms on watershed BW1. Figure 62. Two types of sediment samplers being tested for research on the watersheds. 142
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ICRISAT ANNUAL REPORT 1976-1977 I n
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About This Report This is the fourt
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F a r m i n g s y s t e m s 129,133
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Dr. Djibril Sene (Member) Delegatio
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N. Seetharama, Ph.D., plant physiol
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Acronyms and selected abbreviations
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Director's Introduction The year de
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A high point of the ICRISAT year wa
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Research has reached the stage wher
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Work continued on the ICRISAT water
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ing Board has established a standin
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made by the ICRISAT programs in Afr
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The efficiency of small plots in sc
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shows great potential for reduced s
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T H E C E R E A L S Sorghum (Sorghu
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S o r g h u m Germplasm Collection
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Table 1 continued Institution Locat
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ny are being evaluated jointly with
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Table 5. Grain-yield dsta on some e
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Table 7. The relationship between c
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Table 8. Yield data of selected gra
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3000 2 500 2000 A. M i l d Stress r
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Products Institute, London. The maj
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focused on learning how to manage o
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acetylene-induced ethylene producti
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P e a r l M i l l e t Germplasm We
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Figure 15. Cluster bagging and self
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Figure 18. Multiplication plot of a
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taken on potential parents, is bein
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Six hybrids in P M H T 1 yielded on
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the south (at Bhavanisagar) and wor
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Figure 22. Transverse section of th
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Relationship Among Plant Type, Popu
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materials in a sick-plot (i.e. a fi
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Ergot Less progress has been made w
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Using a 3:1 ratio to convert ethyle
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Pathology. The large-scale field sc
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search for new strains and related
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Available data on germplasm accessi
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Table 26 continued Institution Loca
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tivars in experimental plots. Ident
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niques will be tested for reliabili
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Figure 29. Screening for salt toler
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Nitrogen fixation by the nodules is
Page 105 and 106: fungus remained restricted to the u
Page 107 and 108: Whole-seed Protein vs. Dhal Protein
Page 109: The scope and limitations of taking
Page 113 and 114: accessions planted remained free of
Page 115 and 116: were carried out, particularly in I
Page 117 and 118: Table 37. Yield of chickpea followi
Page 119 and 120: 30 20 10 0 40 30 20 10 0 8 6 4 2 0
Page 121 and 122: weight and leaf area of the seedlin
Page 123 and 124: In an experiment to determine the e
Page 125 and 126: 0.75 0.65 0.55 r =+ 0.802** = - 0 .
Page 127 and 128: Table 42. Test and breeding materia
Page 132 and 133: G r o u n d n u t The groundnut imp
Page 134 and 135: Figure 45. Field hybridization tech
Page 136 and 137: Table 45. Performance of cultivars
Page 138 and 139: leaf extract. The titers obtained w
Page 140 and 141: to be either Hoagland or Shrive and
Page 142: kernels. We also plan to examine th
Page 148 and 149: F a r m i n g S y s t e m s 1) To a
Page 150 and 151: 120 112 6 0 93 50 4 0 30 2 0 10 0 J
Page 152 and 153: 30 25 20 15 10 60 50 40 30 a . 0 7
Page 154 and 155: Table 47. Climatic characteristics
Page 158 and 159: cm bed at 0.6 % slope) and BW4 C (r
Page 160 and 161: Table 48. Effect of row spacing and
Page 162 and 163: and graded to no symptom on the you
Page 164 and 165: possible. Excess tillage tends to a
Page 166 and 167: A study is being initiated to analy
Page 168 and 169: The effects of three contour bunds
Page 170 and 171: Table 51. Effect of land management
Page 172 and 173: Table 52. Effects of plant populati
Page 174 and 175: Table 54. Land Equivalent Ratio and
Page 176 and 177: 163
Page 178 and 179: Table 57. Larval parasitism on Heli
Page 180 and 181: Table 58. Pod numbers produced per
Page 182 and 183: Plants artificially lodged appeared
Page 184 and 185: 3000 2000 1000 0 M F V,F,M V,F V V
Page 186 and 187: which ratooning of pigeonpea has be
Page 188 and 189: maize and sorghum as intercrops rec
Page 190 and 191: with the traditional blade harrow o
Page 192 and 193: farming system is examined on an op
Page 194 and 195: wide range of agroclimatic and econ
Page 196 and 197: 183
Page 198 and 199: An experiment comparing broad beds
Page 200 and 201: the evapotranspiration for sorghum
Page 202 and 203: was no more than 50 percent of the
Page 204 and 205: Table 71. Grain yields and rupee va
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stands and growth. The average gros
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Vertisol watersheds). Thus, to make
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References Cocheme, J., and P. Fran
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SHOLAPUR DISTRICT MAHARASHTRA PENIN
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100 90 80 Small farms Medium farms
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150 Intercultivation with bullocks
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Credit and Risk Data from ICRISAT's
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nearly suit the requirements of bor
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150 140 130 C h i c k p e a s 120 1
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28000 2 6 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0
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Interregional Trade and Welfare Spa
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C o o p e r a t i v e P r o g r a m
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utilizing six widely separated loca
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familiar with the Institute's ongoi
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Table 79. Persons completing long-t
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Figure 99. ICRISAT's program for in
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P l a n t Q u a r a n t i n e For t
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Table 81 continued Sorghum Millet C
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the University of Reading, U K , fo
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C o m p u t e r S e r v i c e s ICR
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L i b r a r y The Library was shift
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Figure 101. The ICRISAT Library and
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