P l a n t Q u a r a n t i n e For the proper execution of crop improvement programs at ICRISAT and elsewhere in the SAT, the exchange of valuable seed material with our scientists in the outreach programs and other colleagues in cooperative programs throughout the world was carried out through the Plant Quarantine Services of Government of India. Sorghum, pearl millet, pigeonpea, chickpea, and groundnut were inspected and cleared at the Central Plant Protection Training Institute, located in Hyderabad. Seed material of other crops essential in the Farming Systems research program was cleared at the National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources in New Delhi. Unrooted groundnut cuttings were released by the Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine, and Storage, Faridabad. Export of Seed M a t e r i a l During the year, 38 886 samples of sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea, and groundnut were exported to 72 countries of the world (Table 81). A total of 20 676 sorghum samples were sent to 38 countries. International cooperative trials consisting of population progeny lines, grain mold resistant, pests and disease resistance, Striga resistant, and grain grass cultivars numbering 12632 were sent to our scientists and cooperators/collaborators in Botswana, Cameroun, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Mexico, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Thailand, and Upper Volta. Segregating material and cultivars totalling 6316 were sent to 33 countries, the bulk of it going to Bangladesh, Botswana, Brazil, Cameroun, Ecuador, El Salvador, Kenya, Malawi, Malaysia, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Tanzania, Yemen, and Zambia. Germplasm cultivars totalling 1 728 were exported to Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Malawi, Malaysia, Mexico, Somalia, Venezuela, and West Germany. Saudi Arabia and Venezuela received 36 droughtresistant, salt- and heat-tolerant lines. Of the 8081 pearl millet samples sent to 29 countries, 4702 went out as International cooperative trials to 19 countries. Downy Mildew, Ergot, and Smut Nurseries were sent to Nigeria, Senegal, and Upper Volta; 2731 cultivars consisting of germplasm, varieties, composites, synthetics, and segregating materials were sent to Ethiopia, Libya, Mexico, Niger, People's Republic of China, Senegal, Venezuela, West Germany, and Zaire. Forty-eight samples were sent to Canada, England, and Denmark for carrying out biochemical studies. International Chickpea Cooperative Trials material formed the bulk of chickpea export. Of the total of 7 218 trial samples, 6 661 were sent to cooperators/collaborators in 27 SAT countries. Germplasm and segregating cultivars numbering S6S were sent to Botswana, Canada, Italy, France, Kenya, New Zealand, Syria, USA, Venezuela, and Zambia. Thirty-four samples were sent to various agencies in England and USA for physiological and biochemical studies. Pigeonpea samples were sent to 34 countries. Seed samples totalling 494 went as vegetabletype observation nurseries to Belize, El Salvador, Dominican Republic, Panama, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, and Zambia. Germplasm cultivars numbering 1277 were exported to Australia, Ghana, Malaysia, Mauritania, Puerto Rico, and Tanzania. Varietal trial entries and varietal purification cultivars numbering 966 were sent to 22 countries. Twenty-eight samples went to Canada and Denmark for biochemical studies. A total of 146 groundnut cultivars were exported to Australia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and West Indies. One-hundred samples went as germplasm cultivars; 46 observational trial entries were exported to Sri Lanka. Twenty samples of safflower, paddy, wheat, cowpea, and dried neem leaves were examined and cleared at the National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, for despatch to Nigeria, Taiwan, Thailand, and Upper Volta. 229
Table 81. Seed samples exported or imported by ICRISAT daring 1976-1977. Sorghum Millet Chickpea Pigeonpea Groundnut Other Country Exp Imp Exp Imp Exp Imp Exp Imp Exp Imp Exp Imp Botswana 929 22 Cameroun 388 Cape Verde Islands 52 Central African Republic 52 Egypt 490 Ethiopia 4313 413 69 414 Ghana 325 51 Kenya 1335 10 25 1 Libya 14 250 Malawi 389 65 4 Mali 309 120 Mauritania 51 Niger 735 277 Nigeria 949 2 1966 222 15 1 1 Senegal 615 1378 60 74 1 Sierra Leone 20 Somalia 892 60 Sudan 2154 595 195 2 Tanzania 529 120 150 98 Tunisia 135 Uganda 60 100 Upper Volta 1905 1319 64 10 2 Zaire 20 14 Zambia 33 50 103 1 Afghanistan 150 20 13 Bangladesh 730 7 60 681 1 Burma 358 12 Iran 150 Iraq 185 Japan 6 43 Jordan 135 Korea 5 Malaysia 142 25 36 Nepal 184 12 New Guinea 14 Pakistan 791 1406 1073 20 3 People's Republic of China 35 12 Philippines 274 38 continued 230
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ICRISAT ANNUAL REPORT 1976-1977 I n
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About This Report This is the fourt
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F a r m i n g s y s t e m s 129,133
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Dr. Djibril Sene (Member) Delegatio
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N. Seetharama, Ph.D., plant physiol
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Acronyms and selected abbreviations
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Director's Introduction The year de
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A high point of the ICRISAT year wa
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Research has reached the stage wher
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Work continued on the ICRISAT water
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ing Board has established a standin
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made by the ICRISAT programs in Afr
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The efficiency of small plots in sc
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shows great potential for reduced s
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T H E C E R E A L S Sorghum (Sorghu
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S o r g h u m Germplasm Collection
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Table 1 continued Institution Locat
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ny are being evaluated jointly with
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Table 5. Grain-yield dsta on some e
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Table 7. The relationship between c
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Table 8. Yield data of selected gra
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3000 2 500 2000 A. M i l d Stress r
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Products Institute, London. The maj
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focused on learning how to manage o
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acetylene-induced ethylene producti
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P e a r l M i l l e t Germplasm We
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Figure 15. Cluster bagging and self
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Figure 18. Multiplication plot of a
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taken on potential parents, is bein
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Six hybrids in P M H T 1 yielded on
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the south (at Bhavanisagar) and wor
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Figure 22. Transverse section of th
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Relationship Among Plant Type, Popu
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materials in a sick-plot (i.e. a fi
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Ergot Less progress has been made w
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Using a 3:1 ratio to convert ethyle
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Pathology. The large-scale field sc
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search for new strains and related
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Available data on germplasm accessi
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Table 26 continued Institution Loca
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tivars in experimental plots. Ident
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niques will be tested for reliabili
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Figure 29. Screening for salt toler
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Nitrogen fixation by the nodules is
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fungus remained restricted to the u
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Whole-seed Protein vs. Dhal Protein
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The scope and limitations of taking
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accessions planted remained free of
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were carried out, particularly in I
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Table 37. Yield of chickpea followi
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30 20 10 0 40 30 20 10 0 8 6 4 2 0
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weight and leaf area of the seedlin
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In an experiment to determine the e
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0.75 0.65 0.55 r =+ 0.802** = - 0 .
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Table 42. Test and breeding materia
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G r o u n d n u t The groundnut imp
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Figure 45. Field hybridization tech
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Table 45. Performance of cultivars
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leaf extract. The titers obtained w
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to be either Hoagland or Shrive and
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kernels. We also plan to examine th
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F a r m i n g S y s t e m s 1) To a
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120 112 6 0 93 50 4 0 30 2 0 10 0 J
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30 25 20 15 10 60 50 40 30 a . 0 7
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Table 47. Climatic characteristics
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years, rainfall has a tendency to c
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cm bed at 0.6 % slope) and BW4 C (r
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Table 48. Effect of row spacing and
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and graded to no symptom on the you
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possible. Excess tillage tends to a
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A study is being initiated to analy
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The effects of three contour bunds
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Table 51. Effect of land management
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Table 52. Effects of plant populati
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Table 54. Land Equivalent Ratio and
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163
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Table 57. Larval parasitism on Heli
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Table 58. Pod numbers produced per
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Plants artificially lodged appeared
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3000 2000 1000 0 M F V,F,M V,F V V
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which ratooning of pigeonpea has be
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maize and sorghum as intercrops rec
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with the traditional blade harrow o
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