Abstract Book - 3rd International Symposium on Medicinal Plants ...

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2.22 The Ethnopharmacological Use of Polyherbals for Infectious Diseases in South Africa Van Vuuren Sandy 1 , Makunga Nokwanda 2 , De Wet Helene 3 , and Van Zyl Robyn 1 1 Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown. 2 Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch. 3 Department of Botany, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, 3886, South Africa. <strong>Abstract</strong>: Traditional healing is widely practiced in South Africa, however, there has been very little documented research undertaken on the validation of medicinal plant mixtures. This study presents a selection of highlights from our studies on the antimicrobial efficacies of plant combinations. Organic and aqueous extracts were prepared for all plants and their combinations which were then tested against pathogens relative to the traditional use of the plants. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using the minimum inhibitory concentration micro-dilution assay and activity of the combined plants were analysed using the ∑FIC index and isobolograms in order to determine antagonistic, indifferent, additive or synergistic interactions. For toxicity studies, the 3- (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide cell viability assay was performed on human kidney epithelial cells. Conventional antimicrobials were tested in combination with commercially relevant indigenous medicinal plants. A study on plants used to treat sexually transmitted infections in Maputaland emphasised the importance of performing tandem toxicity assays. When Sclerocarya birrea and Syzygium cordatum (aqueous extracts) were independently studied, they possessed no toxicity. However, when combined the toxicity levels increased. Conversely, multiple plants in a combination (Euphorbia hypericifolia, Hypoxis hemerocallidia, Senecio serratuloides and Ozoroa engleri) demonstrated synergy (∑FIC 0.4). The 1:1 mixtures within this selection displayed antagonism (∑FIC 4.5) against Oligella ureolytica. Agathosma crenulata, Dodonaea viscosa and Eucalyptus globulus, a herbal mix frequently traded informally in Cape Town and used by herbalists descendent from the Khoi-San, demonstrated synergistic interactions as low as ∑FIC 0.05 (Staphylococcus aureus) when used in a multiple combination. Plants with allopathic antimicrobials demonstrated various interactions. Aspalathus linearis, for e.g. demonstrated interactions ranging from synergistic (∑FIC 0.15) to antagonistic (∑FIC 6.03) when combined with ciprofloxacin and gentamicin respectively. Whether interactive efficacies of medicinal plants yield synergistic or even antagonistic efficacies, the importance of combination therapy cannot be ignored and further validations could only enhance the field of phytosynergy. Key words: Ethnopharmacological, infectious diseases, polyherbals, South Africa. 65
The 3 rd <strong>International</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> on Medicinal Plants, their Cultivation and Aspects of Uses Topic (3): Standardization and Quality Control of Herbal Medicinal Products 3.1 The Chemical Investigation of the Algerian Pallenis Spinosa and its Medicinal Use A. DJEBARA 1 , F. BITAM, A. DIBI and M. C. ABERKANE 1 Chemical Department, Faculty of Sciences, Batna University, Algeria. <strong>Abstract</strong>: Throughout human medical history, people have used medicinal substances extracted from plants to treat diseases and body organs. The Mediterranean species Pallenis spinosa (L.) Cass. is one from species of plants were catalogued for use in human medicine. The flowery parts of Pallenis spinosa (L.)Cass. is used For the treatment of : Gastralgia, circulatory problems, contusion, injury, inflammation, mouth infections and respiratory problems. There are few studies on this plant as indicated by literature and the main compounds are the germacranes derivatives, sesquiterpenes and flavonoids. In attempt to find other metabolites, a phytochemical study on P. spinosa which grows in Algeria was undertaken. The extraction of the aerial parts with different solvents yielded two extracts: chloroform extract and butanol extract. The first analysis in chromatographic showed the presence of sesquiterpenoids and flavonoids compounds. The purification and the structures elucidation of these metabolites have been started. The first analysis spectroscopic resulted in the structure determination of two sterols stigmasterol and ß- Sitosterol glucoside. The structures o these two compounds were established by spectral data, including 1D, and 2D NMR. The biological activities of this plant are under study. Key words: Asteraceae, ß-sitosterol glucoside, medicinal plant, metabolites, Pallenis spinosa. 3.2 Phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of different parts of Ficus bengalensis Aftab A 1 ., and Huang Y.W. 2 1 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan. 2 Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA. <strong>Abstract</strong>: Ficus bengalensis is the member of family Moraceae which is widely used in folk medicines. In this study, phenolic content and antioxidant activity of leaf, fruit and bark of the plant were determined. The methanolic extract was examined for their total phenolic contents (TPC) by using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and for total flavonoid content (TFC) by using Aluminium Chloride reagent. The antioxidant activity was assessed by using DPPH radical scavenging assay, linoleic acid stabilization and estimation of reducing power of the extracts. Phenolic acids and flavonoid components of the extract were identified and quantified by using HPLC. Results showed that all three parts of the plant have excellent antioxidant activity. The leaves extract have the highest TPC (10.89 g GAE/100 g of dry sample) and TFC (3.89 g CE/100 g of dry sample), followed by the fruit (6.01 g GAE/100 g of dry sample and 2.14 g CE/100 g of dry sample) and the bark (4.11 g GAE/100 g of dry sample and 1.55 g CE/100 g of dry sample). IC 50 values of the leaf, fruit and bark extracts were 13.94, 18.62, and 20.4µg/ml, respectively in DPPH radical scavenging assay. Reducing power of the leaf extract was 1.24, while that of fruit and bark extract were 0.919 and 0.797, respectively. Values for percentage inhibition of linoleic acid were 68.95%, 54.42%, and 48.37% for leaves, fruit and bark extracts, respectively. All gallic acid, Protocatechuic acid, Gentisic acid, Chlorogenic acid, Vanillic acid, Caffeic acid and Sinapic acid were identified in all the three samples. However, syringic acid was present in fruit and bark extracts, while p-Coumaric acid was in leaf and bark extracts. Ferulic acid was only present in leaves extract. Rutin, myricetin, quercetin, luteolin and Kaempferol were identified in leaf extract, while all but luteolin was identified in fruit samples. Myrcetin and kaempferol were not found in bark extracts as well. Among the phenolic acids, levels of gentisic acid were 1674 mg /100 g of dry sample in leaf, 610 mg/ 100 gram of dry sample in fruit, and 209.4 mg/100 gram of dry sample in bark extract. Among the flavonoids, levels of myricetin were found the highest in leaf (99.07 mg/ 100 g of dry sample), followed by fruit (20.09 mg/ 100g of dry sample). Rutin, however, was the highest (31.8 mg/ 100 g of dry sample) among the flavonoids identified in the bark extract. Key words: Antioxidant, ferulic acid, Ficus bengalensis, flavonoids, leaf, phenolic, syringic acid. 66
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The 3 rd International</str
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المملكت األردنيت ا
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Welcome Dear Participants, It is a
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SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE - Mohammad San
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INVITED SPEAKERS Prof. Dr. Alain Me
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1.3 Antioxidant Activity of Thapsia
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1.7 High Inhibition Effect on Lipid
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products are being used as a source
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Key words: Anti-microbia, antioxida
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1.18 Preparation and Characterizati
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1.22 Eucalyptus globulus: Polypheno
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Page 27 and 28: 1.34 Anti-Inflammatory Effects of H
Page 29 and 30: 1.38 Evaluation of the Antidiabetic
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Page 49 and 50: 1.75 The Effect of Aloe Vera Leaf G
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Page 55 and 56: 1.86 Hepatoprotective and Hypolipid
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Page 67 and 68: 2.9 Traditional Pharmacy - Attar's
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Page 71 and 72: 2.16 Survey of Medicinal Plants Fro
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Page 77 and 78: 3.5 Comparison between Polyphenol C
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Page 93 and 94: 3.37 Characterization and Optimizat
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Page 97 and 98: 3.45 Chemical Composition of The Ex
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Page 103 and 104: Abstract: A light
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Page 107 and 108: 4.5 Formation of Hawthorn, Crataegu
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Page 121 and 122: 5.7 The use of seaweed extract of P
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carveol and δ- selinene, but inhib
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inhibition 95%. In the during of bi
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(Sulzer). All experiments were cond
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capturing genetic diversity before
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7.5 Heavy Metal Content in Hypericu
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8.3 Development of Medicinal Plants
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8.7 Industrial Products from Indige
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evaluation improvement (P
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products. The applied mulberry frui
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9.10 The Importance of Gentiana lut
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10.4 Comparative efficacy of variou
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10.8 Effect of Rhus coriaria L. in
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perforatum L.), sage (Salvia offici
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10.15 Comparative Supplemented Vita
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A. DJEBARA (66) A. John De Britto (
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Eftimova Jarmila (58) EL Tahir A (1
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Mushtaq Ahmad (143) N. Gourine (35)
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Zinchenko, Iryna (52) ZRIRA Saadia
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