Netherlands National Drug Monitor - Research and Documentation ...

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- In the regions East (Gelderland and Overijssel), North (Friesland, Groningen, Drenthe) and Central (Utrecht, Flevoland) the rates of use were 2.2 percent, 2.4 percent and 3.0 percent respectively.. - On the basis of these regional data, a national estimate of this substance use among clubbers is being drawn up. These data were not available for this Annual Report, but will be included in the final report of the social scene survey. • As a recreational drug, amphetamine use is somewhat more common among attendees at parties and festivals. - Research conducted in 2008/2009 found that 7% of these revellers were current amphetamine users. On the evening in question, 5.7% had taken amphetamine, although this varied between events from 0 to 21%. An average of 0.7 grams was taken per occasion. - 3% of revellers had consumed both alcohol and amphetamine during the event. • DIMS data (see (§ 5.8) and qualitative data from the Trendwatch Monitor suggest that methamphetamine is not particularly popular in the Netherlands (Nabben et al., 2007b). At the same time, Trendwatch has identified a slight increase in interest in this substance in 2006/2007 among gay networks in Amsterdam and among so-called psychonauts, who experiment a lot with hallucinogenic substances and other drugs. However, according to the Antenna monitor in 2008, methamphetamine was difficult to obtain and expensive (Benschop et al., 2009). 5 Ecstasy, amphetamine and related substances 111
Table 5.3 Use of Ecstasy and amphetamine in special groups Location Survey year Age (years) Ecstasy Amphetamine Socialising juveniles and young adults - Attending dance parties, outdoor music festivals, city centre Ever Current Ever Current The Hague 2003 15 – 35 35% 17% - - - Bar-goers Zaandam 2006 14 – 44 17% 7% 7% 2% - Bar-goers I Amsterdam II 2005 Avge. 27 32% 7% 17% 2% - Frequenters of bars and sports canteens Noordwijk 2004 Avge. 23 20% 6% - - - Disco-goers Nijmegen III 2006 Avge. 21 17% 5% 7% 3% - Clubbers Amsterdam 2003 Avge. 26 33% 19% 34% 7% Amsterdam 2008 Avge. 25 48% 21% 24% 6% - Coffee shop clients Nijmegen 2005/2006 Avge. 27 40% 13% 25% 6% - Party- and festival-goers Nationwide III 2008/2009 Avge. 24 42% 24% 23% 7% Problem youth - Juvenile detainees IV Regional 2002/2003 14 – 17 23% 9% 10% 3% - School drop-outs IV Regional 2002/2003 14 – 17 19% 6% 13% 2% - Homeless youth V Flevoland 2004 13-22 38% 8% 26% 2% - Juveniles in care VI Amsterdam 2006 Avge. 17 14% 2% 7% 1% - Juveniles in residential care Nationwide 2008 12 – 13 7% - 5% - 14 – 15 15% - 14% - 16 25% - 17% - Percentage of ever users and current users (last month) per group. The figures in this table are not mutually comparable because of differences in age group and research methods. I. Juveniles and young adults from mainstream bars, student bars, gay bars and hip bars. Therefore not representative of all bar-goers. II. Low response (26%). III. Low response (19%). IV. Research in the provinces of Noord-Holland, Flevoland and Utrecht. Use among juvenile detainees: in the month prior to detention. School drop-outs are juveniles who have not attended school for at least one month during the past 12 months, not counting holidays. V. Young people aged up to 23 who have had no fixed abode for at least three months. VI Juveniles with behavioural problems, juvenile delinquents, homeless youth and juveniles in other care projects. Sources: Parnassia; GGD Zaanstreek-Waterland; Antenna Monitor, Bonger Institute for Criminology, University of Amsterdam; GGD Zuid-Holland Noord; Tendens, Iriszorg; Social Scene Survey (Uitgaansonderzoek), Trimbos Institute/ University of Amsterdam; EXPLORE, Trimbos Institute/University of Utrecht. 112 Netherlands National Drug Monitor - NDM Annual Report 2009
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Netherlands National Drug Monitor N
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Colophon Project Manager Dr. M.W. v
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Preface This is already the tenth A
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5.4 Problem Use 113 5.5 Usage: Inte
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List of abreviations and acronyms 2
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NEMESIS NFU NIGZ NMG NPO NRI NVIC N
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Summary Below is an outline of the
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The number of hospital admissions c
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GHB. In 2008/2009 4.6 percent of fr
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Deaths In the Netherlands, smoking
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Offences by drug users Drug users c
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Opiates Ecstasy Amphetamine Alcohol
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1 Introduction The National Drug Mo
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use, particularly cannabis, under-r
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information is available, this is b
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2 Cannabis Cannabis (Cannabis Sativ
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Figure 2.1 Cannabis users in the Ne
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Figure 2.2 Cannabis use among secon
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Cannabis and problem behaviour •
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Table 2.4 Cannabis use among pupils
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Table 2.5 Current cannabis use in s
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• The sharp increase in treatment
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Trends It is difficult to determine
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• The role of cannabis in all req
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- misuse or dependence on alcohol a
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At the Ambulance Transport Centre (
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• So far, epidemiological studies
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Quality and price The Trimbos Insti
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3 Cocaine Cocaine works as a stimul
Page 62 and 63: Age, gender and urbanisation level
Page 64 and 65: Special groups In certain groups of
Page 66 and 67: Table 3.3 Cocaine use in special gr
Page 68 and 69: and 7.7% in the U.K (England and Wa
Page 70 and 71: Table 3.5 Cocaine use among school-
Page 72 and 73: Figure 3.2 Number of (outpatient) a
Page 74 and 75: Figure 3.4 Admissions to general ho
Page 76 and 77: The Netherlands Cause-of-Death stat
Page 78: • Little is known as yet about a
Page 81 and 82: 4.2 Usage: general population Heroi
Page 83 and 84: • In the province of Gelderland,
Page 85 and 86: Figure 4.1 Estimates of the number
Page 87 and 88: and syringes exchanged has been reg
Page 89 and 90: • Between 2001 and 2004 the numbe
Page 91 and 92: - misuse of or dependence on alcoho
Page 93 and 94: same time it should be noted that t
Page 95 and 96: International comparison The Europe
Page 97 and 98: The total number of chronic hepatit
Page 99 and 100: • It is thought that risk behavio
Page 101 and 102: the ICD-9 classification. Drug deat
Page 103 and 104: Amsterdam GGD Amsterdam reports the
Page 105 and 106: Figure 4.9 Number of drug-induced d
Page 107 and 108: • Pupils attending REC-4 schools
Page 109 and 110: 5.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
Page 111: • In 2008, key observers in Amste
Page 115 and 116: Table 5.4a Use of amphetamines and
Page 117 and 118: Table 5.5a Ecstasy use among school
Page 119 and 120: Ecstasy • The number of (outpatie
Page 121 and 122: Figure 5.3 Numbers registered with
Page 123 and 124: • The same person may be admitted
Page 125 and 126: • The number of requests for info
Page 127 and 128: According to the EMCDDA, in other E
Page 129 and 130: Figure 5.6 Concentration of MDMA in
Page 131 and 132: Table 5.9 Number of samples contain
Page 133 and 134: • Consumers who had drug samples
Page 135 and 136: 6.2 Usage: general population The r
Page 137 and 138: GHB use is more common among juveni
Page 139 and 140: • GHB use among school-goers is l
Page 141 and 142: Table 6.4 GHB incidents registered
Page 143 and 144: • Of the liquid samples sold as G
Page 145 and 146: • Total deaths from alcohol-relat
Page 147 and 148: Figure 7.1 Alcohol consumption amon
Page 149 and 150: Ethnic background • Among seconda
Page 151 and 152: Table 7.3 Percentage of current dri
Page 153 and 154: Table 7.4 Alcohol use in the social
Page 155 and 156: Holiday-makers • Research conduct
Page 157 and 158: Figure 7.3 Heavy drinkers by gender
Page 159 and 160: The countries with the lowest perce
Page 161 and 162: • In France it is more likely tha
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Figure 7.6 Age distribution of prim
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• In 2008, 337 day-care admission
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• In approximately 1,200 admissio
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Table 7.9 Estimated number of injur
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• On the basis of current researc
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Figure 7.10 Deaths from alcohol use
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• EU member states have different
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• Surveys by the Continuous Surve
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Figure 8.1 Percentage of smokers in
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8.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
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Special education Table 8.3 shows t
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Table 8.4 Smokers in the EU-15 plus
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medication, Champix ® , which was
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among passive smoking men, the elev
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Table 8.6 Deaths from lung cancer a
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Since 1 January 2003 it is no longe
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Table 8.8 Cigarette prices and taxe
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eported. These refer to 2007 in the
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Table 9.1 Criminal investigations i
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Table 9.2 Number of dismantled prod
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Table 9.3 Characteristics of suspec
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Figure 9.2 Number of Opium Act case
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Table 9.5 Opium Act cases as a perc
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Disposals by the courts (in the fir
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• Financial orders (Public Prosec
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Table 9.9 Prevalence of new crimina
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10.2 Drug use among offenders Drug-
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• In some two-thirds of cases opi
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I, II Table 10.2 Number of times th
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• The ISD has a capacity of 1,000
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• Although there are some female
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Clinical admission Admission to a h
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Mellow Type of music at raves that
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Secondary diagnosis A secondary or
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Dismissal on policy grounds Decisio
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eintegration and rehabilitation of
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I. Use and problem use Source Targe
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II. Treatment demand and treatment
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IV. Market information Source Targe
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Source Target group/subject Sources
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Appendix C Explanation of ICD-9 and
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Appendix D Websites in the area of
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Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sp
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Appendix E Drug use in a number of
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References Adlaf, E.M., Korf, D.J.,
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Coumans, A.M. (2005). Survival on t
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Ganpat, S., Wits, E., Schoenmakers,
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Knibbe, R.A., Joosten, J., Derickx,
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Monshouwer, K., Smit, F., De Graaf,
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Rigter, H., Van Laar, M. (2002). Ep
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Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal (2
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Van Leeuwen, F.E. (1999). Epidemiol
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In the Netherlands various monitori
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