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Table 2.4 Cannabis use among pupils aged 12-16 in special and mainstream schools, by age group Ever Use Current Use 12-13 years 14-15 years 16 years 12-13 years 14-15 years 16 years Special REC-4 I 20% 42% 54% 11% 23% 41% Pro II 5% 15% 19% 2% 6% 10% Lwoo III 7% 17% 25% 3% 7% 13% Mainstream 4% 17% 30% 2% 9% 13% Percentage of ever and current (past month) users. Survey year for special schools was 2008. Survey year for mainstream schools was 2007. I. REC = Regional Expertise Centre. II. Pro = practical education. III. Lwoo = support education. Sources: Trimbos Institute; Trimbos Institute/University of Utrecht. Special groups of young people In certain groups of juveniles and young adults, cannabis use is the rule rather than the exception. Table 2.5 summarises the results of various studies – mostly regional or local. The data are not comparable, on account of differences in age groups and research methods. Furthermore, the response rate for surveys among juveniles and young adults in the social scene is often low. This may lead to a distortion of the results. Trend data are only available for Amsterdam. Juveniles and young adults in the social scene • The Antenna-Monitoring Station follows substance use in various groups of young people in the Amsterdam social scene, such as ‘coffee shops’, bars and fashionable clubs (Benschop et al., 2009). In 2003 and 2008, 39% of the juvenile and young adult attendees at trendy clubs (and parties) in Amsterdam were current cannabis users. In both years, the average number of joints smoked by current users per occasion was about one and a half. • In 2008/2009 substance use was examined among attendees at eleven national and regionally organised large scale parties (Trimbos Institute/University of Amsterdam 2010). - Three out of ten of the party-goers were current cannabis users. - 17% of the party-goers had smoked a joint on the evening itself. This varied from 6% to 30% between parties. On average, the revellers smoked 2.4 joints. • In the same survey in 2008/2009, substance use among clubbers and disco-goers was studied in large and medium-sized municipalities in five regions of the Netherlands: North (Friesland, Groningen, Drenthe), Oost (Gelderland and Overijssel), Central (Utrecht, Flevoland), West (Noord- en Zuid-Holland) and South (Noord- Brabant, Zeeland, Limburg). - The percentage of current cannabis users varied between regions and was highest in the regions West (28%), South (24%) and Central (24%) , while it was lowest in the regions North (17%) and East (18%). - On the basis of these data, a national estimate of substance use among clubbers is being drawn up. These data were not available for this Annual Report, but will be included in the final report of the social scene survey. 2 Cannabis 41
Problem Youth There are relatively more current cannabis users among young drifters, school dropouts and juveniles detained in penitentiaries, as well as those in care (between two and eight out of ten). • Almost half the juveniles in Amsterdam youth care were current cannabis users in 2006 (Nabben et al., 2007a). Approximately one in three (31%) of these users take cannabis daily, which is 15% of all juveniles in care. The amount and frequency of use is the same for boys as for girls. Over one in ten of current users (11%) have indicated a wish to get help to quit or reduce their use. • At national level, lower percentages are found in younger age groups among juveniles in residential care, varying from 18% for 12 and 13 year-olds to 37% for the 16 year-olds (Kepper et al., 2009). 42 Netherlands National Drug Monitor - NDM Annual Report 2009
Page 1 and 2: Netherlands National Drug Monitor N
Page 3 and 4: Colophon Project Manager Dr. M.W. v
Page 6: Preface This is already the tenth A
Page 9 and 10: 5.4 Problem Use 113 5.5 Usage: Inte
Page 12 and 13: List of abreviations and acronyms 2
Page 14 and 15: NEMESIS NFU NIGZ NMG NPO NRI NVIC N
Page 16 and 17: Summary Below is an outline of the
Page 18 and 19: The number of hospital admissions c
Page 20 and 21: GHB. In 2008/2009 4.6 percent of fr
Page 22 and 23: Deaths In the Netherlands, smoking
Page 24 and 25: Offences by drug users Drug users c
Page 26 and 27: Opiates Ecstasy Amphetamine Alcohol
Page 28 and 29: 1 Introduction The National Drug Mo
Page 30 and 31: use, particularly cannabis, under-r
Page 32 and 33: information is available, this is b
Page 34 and 35: 2 Cannabis Cannabis (Cannabis Sativ
Page 36 and 37: Figure 2.1 Cannabis users in the Ne
Page 38 and 39: Figure 2.2 Cannabis use among secon
Page 40 and 41: Cannabis and problem behaviour •
Page 44 and 45: Table 2.5 Current cannabis use in s
Page 46 and 47: • The sharp increase in treatment
Page 48 and 49: Trends It is difficult to determine
Page 50 and 51: • The role of cannabis in all req
Page 52 and 53: - misuse or dependence on alcohol a
Page 54 and 55: At the Ambulance Transport Centre (
Page 56 and 57: • So far, epidemiological studies
Page 58 and 59: Quality and price The Trimbos Insti
Page 60 and 61: 3 Cocaine Cocaine works as a stimul
Page 62 and 63: Age, gender and urbanisation level
Page 64 and 65: Special groups In certain groups of
Page 66 and 67: Table 3.3 Cocaine use in special gr
Page 68 and 69: and 7.7% in the U.K (England and Wa
Page 70 and 71: Table 3.5 Cocaine use among school-
Page 72 and 73: Figure 3.2 Number of (outpatient) a
Page 74 and 75: Figure 3.4 Admissions to general ho
Page 76 and 77: The Netherlands Cause-of-Death stat
Page 78: • Little is known as yet about a
Page 81 and 82: 4.2 Usage: general population Heroi
Page 83 and 84: • In the province of Gelderland,
Page 85 and 86: Figure 4.1 Estimates of the number
Page 87 and 88: and syringes exchanged has been reg
Page 89 and 90: • Between 2001 and 2004 the numbe
Page 91 and 92: - misuse of or dependence on alcoho
Page 93 and 94:
same time it should be noted that t
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International comparison The Europe
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The total number of chronic hepatit
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• It is thought that risk behavio
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the ICD-9 classification. Drug deat
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Amsterdam GGD Amsterdam reports the
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Figure 4.9 Number of drug-induced d
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• Pupils attending REC-4 schools
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5.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
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• In 2008, key observers in Amste
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Table 5.3 Use of Ecstasy and amphet
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Table 5.4a Use of amphetamines and
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Table 5.5a Ecstasy use among school
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Ecstasy • The number of (outpatie
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Figure 5.3 Numbers registered with
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• The same person may be admitted
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• The number of requests for info
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According to the EMCDDA, in other E
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Figure 5.6 Concentration of MDMA in
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Table 5.9 Number of samples contain
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• Consumers who had drug samples
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6.2 Usage: general population The r
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GHB use is more common among juveni
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• GHB use among school-goers is l
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Table 6.4 GHB incidents registered
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• Of the liquid samples sold as G
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• Total deaths from alcohol-relat
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Figure 7.1 Alcohol consumption amon
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Ethnic background • Among seconda
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Table 7.3 Percentage of current dri
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Table 7.4 Alcohol use in the social
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Holiday-makers • Research conduct
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Figure 7.3 Heavy drinkers by gender
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The countries with the lowest perce
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• In France it is more likely tha
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Figure 7.6 Age distribution of prim
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• In 2008, 337 day-care admission
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• In approximately 1,200 admissio
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Table 7.9 Estimated number of injur
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• On the basis of current researc
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Figure 7.10 Deaths from alcohol use
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• EU member states have different
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• Surveys by the Continuous Surve
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Figure 8.1 Percentage of smokers in
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8.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
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Special education Table 8.3 shows t
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Table 8.4 Smokers in the EU-15 plus
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medication, Champix ® , which was
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among passive smoking men, the elev
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Table 8.6 Deaths from lung cancer a
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Since 1 January 2003 it is no longe
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Table 8.8 Cigarette prices and taxe
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eported. These refer to 2007 in the
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Table 9.1 Criminal investigations i
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Table 9.2 Number of dismantled prod
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Table 9.3 Characteristics of suspec
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Figure 9.2 Number of Opium Act case
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Table 9.5 Opium Act cases as a perc
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Disposals by the courts (in the fir
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• Financial orders (Public Prosec
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Table 9.9 Prevalence of new crimina
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10.2 Drug use among offenders Drug-
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• In some two-thirds of cases opi
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I, II Table 10.2 Number of times th
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• The ISD has a capacity of 1,000
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• Although there are some female
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Clinical admission Admission to a h
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Mellow Type of music at raves that
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Secondary diagnosis A secondary or
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Dismissal on policy grounds Decisio
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eintegration and rehabilitation of
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I. Use and problem use Source Targe
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II. Treatment demand and treatment
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IV. Market information Source Targe
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Source Target group/subject Sources
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Appendix C Explanation of ICD-9 and
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Appendix D Websites in the area of
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Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sp
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Appendix E Drug use in a number of
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References Adlaf, E.M., Korf, D.J.,
Page 256 and 257:
Coumans, A.M. (2005). Survival on t
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Ganpat, S., Wits, E., Schoenmakers,
Page 260 and 261:
Knibbe, R.A., Joosten, J., Derickx,
Page 262 and 263:
Monshouwer, K., Smit, F., De Graaf,
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Rigter, H., Van Laar, M. (2002). Ep
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Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal (2
Page 268 and 269:
Van Leeuwen, F.E. (1999). Epidemiol
Page 270:
In the Netherlands various monitori
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