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Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal (2004b). Wijziging van het Wetboek van Strafrecht, het Wetboek van Strafvordering en de Penitentiaire beginselenwet (plaatsing in een inrichting voor stelselmatige daders); Brief minister over de stand van zaken inzake de plaatsing in een inrichting voor stelselmatige daders: vergaderjaar 2003-2004 publicatienummer 28980 nr.16. Den Haag: Sdu Uitgevers. Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal (2005). Alcoholbeleid: brief minister over het alcoholgebruik onder jongeren: vergaderjaar 2004-2005 publicatienummer 27565 nr.29, T.K.27565-29. Den Haag: Sdu Uitgevers. Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal (2006a). Drugbeleid; Brief minister bij aanbieding notitie Integrale aanpak hennepteelt: vergaderjaar 2005-2006 publicatienummer 24077 nr.184. Den Haag: Sdu Uitgevers. Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal (2006b). Preventiebeleid voor de volksgezondheid. vergaderjaar 2006-2007 publicatie nummer 114, T.K.22894- 114. Den Haag: Sdu Uitgevers. Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal (2007). Bestrijding georganiseerde criminaliteit; Brief minister ter aanbieding van Programma versterking aanpak georganiseerde misdaad en Programma financieel-economische criminaliteit: vergaderjaar 2007- 2008 publicatienummer 29911 nr.10. Den Haag: Sdu Uitgevers. Valkenberg, H. (2009). Ongevallen waar alcohol of drugs bij betrokken zijn. Amsterdam: Stichting Consument en Veiligheid. Van ‘t Klooster, B., Van Dongen, A., Rezai, S., Van der Poel, A. (2006). REGIO Monitor Eindhoven 2006: aard en omvang van (ernstige) verslavingsproblematiek en knelpunten in de zorgverlening. Sint-Oedenrode/Rotterdam: Novadic-Kentron/ IVO.Van Amsterdam, J.G.C., Van Marle, J., Van Dijk, P., Niesink, R., Opperhuizen, A. (2007). Electronenmicroscopisch onderzoek van vervuilde wietmonsters. Bilthoven: RIVM. Van de Laar, M.J.W., Op de Coul, E.L.M. (2004). HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections in the Netherlands in 2003. Bilthoven: RIVM. Van de Luitgaarden, J., Knibbe, R.A., Wiers, R.W. (2010). Adolescents binge drinking when on holiday: an evaluation of a community intervention based on selfregulation. Substance Use & Misuse, 45(1-2): 190-203. Van de Mheen, D. (2000). De Rotterdamse drugsscene onder de loep: resultaten van 5 jaar Drug Monitoring Systeem in Rotterdam. Rotterdam: IVO. Van den Brink, W., Van de Wetering, B.J.M., Van Brussel, G.H.A., Krappel, C., Hendriks, V.M., Blanken, P., De Bruin, H.W., Korf, D.J. (2008). Prevalence, treatment needs and new pharmacotherapeutic treatment options for crack dependent people in the Netherlands; ZonMw project 31160012. Den Haag: ZonMw. Van der Dam, S., Coumans, M., Knibbe, R. (2006). Frequent harddruggebruik onder jong volwassenen in Parkstad Limburg: Drug Monitoring Systeem Parstad Limburg, 2004-2006. Rotterdam: IVO. Van der Poel, A. (2009). Low-threshold care for marginalised hard drug users: marginalisation and socialisation in the Rotterdam hard drug scene. Rotterdam: IVO. References 265
Van der Poel, A., Barendregt, C., Schouten, M. (2003). De leefsituatie van gebruikers in de Rotterdamse harddrugsscene (resultaten van de survey 2003). IVO-bulletin, 6(4): 1-19. Van der Poel, A., Hennink, M., Barendregt, C., Van de Mheen, D. (2004). Jongeren en basecoke: leidt gebruik van basecoke tot marginalisering IVO-bulletin, 7(1): 1-20. Van der Vorst, H. (2007). The key to the cellar door: the role of the family in adolescents’ alcohol use. Nijmegen: Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen. Van Dijck, D., Knibbe, R.A. (2005). De prevalentie van probleemdrinken in Nederland: een algemeen bevolkingsonderzoek. Maastricht: Universiteit Maastricht. Van Dijck, D., Knibbe, R.A. (2006). De incidentie, remissie en chroniciteit van probleemdrinken in de algemene Nederlandse bevolking: een longitudinaal onderzoek. Maastricht: Universiteit Maastricht. Van Dijk, P. (2009). DIMS Jaarbericht 2008. Utrecht: Trimbos-instituut. Van Dorsselaer, S., Zeijl, E., Van den Eeckhout, S., Ter Bogt, T., Vollebergh, W. (2007). HBSC 2005: gezondheid en welzijn van jongeren in Nederland. Utrecht: Trimbosinstituut. Van Empelen, P., Krummacher, N., Vlessing, A. (2009). Hiv test en druggebuiker: redenen voor druggebruikers om zich te laten testen. In: J.N. Breemer, W.M. De Jong, N. Krummacher, R. Wolter (red.). Pilotproject Actief Testen in de GGZ en maatschappelijke opvang 2007-2008: evaluatierapport, Rotterdam: GGD Rotterdam-Rijnmond. Van Gelder, P., Reinerie, P., Burger, I. (2003). Uit (je dak) in Den Haag, 2002: uitgaande jongeren en genotmiddelengebruik. Den Haag: Parnassia. Van Gelder, P., Reinerie, P., Smitz, M., Burger, I., Hendriks, V. (2004). Uit (je dak) in Den Haag, 2003: uitgaande jongeren en genotmiddelengebruik. Den Haag: Parnassia. Van Laar, M., Cruts, G., Deerenberg, I. (2006). Sterfte door drugs: wat zeggen de aantallen Verslaving, 2: 61-74. Van Laar, M., Cruts, G., Vicente, J., Frost, N., Hartnoll, R. (2002a). The DRD-Standard, version 3.0: EMCDDA standard protocol for the EU Member States to collect data and report figures for the Key Indicator Drug-Related Deaths by the Standard Reitox tables. Lissabon: EMCDDA. Van Laar, M., Cruts, G., Vicente, J., Hartnoll, R. (2002b). Co-ordination of the implementation of the EMCDDA standard guidelines on the drug-related deaths indicator in the EU Member States, and the collection and analysis of information on drug-related deaths; EMCDDA project CT.00.RTX.22. Lisbon: EMCDDA. Van Laar, M., Van Dorsselaer, S., Monshouwer, K., De Graaf, R. (2005). Association between cannabis use and mental disorders in the adult population: Does cannabis use predict the first incidence of mood and anxiety disorders Utrecht: Trimbos Institute. Van Laar, M., Van Ooyen-Houben, M. (2009). Evaluatie van het Nederlandse drugsbeleid. Utrecht: Trimbos Instituut. 266 Netherlands National Drug Monitor - NDM Annual Report 2009
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Netherlands National Drug Monitor N
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Colophon Project Manager Dr. M.W. v
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Preface This is already the tenth A
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5.4 Problem Use 113 5.5 Usage: Inte
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List of abreviations and acronyms 2
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NEMESIS NFU NIGZ NMG NPO NRI NVIC N
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Summary Below is an outline of the
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The number of hospital admissions c
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GHB. In 2008/2009 4.6 percent of fr
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Deaths In the Netherlands, smoking
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Offences by drug users Drug users c
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Opiates Ecstasy Amphetamine Alcohol
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1 Introduction The National Drug Mo
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use, particularly cannabis, under-r
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information is available, this is b
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2 Cannabis Cannabis (Cannabis Sativ
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Figure 2.1 Cannabis users in the Ne
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Figure 2.2 Cannabis use among secon
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Cannabis and problem behaviour •
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Table 2.4 Cannabis use among pupils
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Table 2.5 Current cannabis use in s
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• The sharp increase in treatment
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Trends It is difficult to determine
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• The role of cannabis in all req
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- misuse or dependence on alcohol a
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At the Ambulance Transport Centre (
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• So far, epidemiological studies
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Quality and price The Trimbos Insti
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3 Cocaine Cocaine works as a stimul
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Age, gender and urbanisation level
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Special groups In certain groups of
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Table 3.3 Cocaine use in special gr
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and 7.7% in the U.K (England and Wa
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Table 3.5 Cocaine use among school-
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Figure 3.2 Number of (outpatient) a
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Figure 3.4 Admissions to general ho
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The Netherlands Cause-of-Death stat
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• Little is known as yet about a
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4.2 Usage: general population Heroi
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• In the province of Gelderland,
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Figure 4.1 Estimates of the number
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and syringes exchanged has been reg
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• Between 2001 and 2004 the numbe
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- misuse of or dependence on alcoho
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same time it should be noted that t
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International comparison The Europe
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The total number of chronic hepatit
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• It is thought that risk behavio
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the ICD-9 classification. Drug deat
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Amsterdam GGD Amsterdam reports the
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Figure 4.9 Number of drug-induced d
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• Pupils attending REC-4 schools
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5.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
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• In 2008, key observers in Amste
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Table 5.3 Use of Ecstasy and amphet
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Table 5.4a Use of amphetamines and
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Table 5.5a Ecstasy use among school
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Ecstasy • The number of (outpatie
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Figure 5.3 Numbers registered with
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• The same person may be admitted
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• The number of requests for info
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According to the EMCDDA, in other E
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Figure 5.6 Concentration of MDMA in
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Table 5.9 Number of samples contain
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• Consumers who had drug samples
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6.2 Usage: general population The r
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GHB use is more common among juveni
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• GHB use among school-goers is l
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Table 6.4 GHB incidents registered
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• Of the liquid samples sold as G
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• Total deaths from alcohol-relat
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Figure 7.1 Alcohol consumption amon
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Ethnic background • Among seconda
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Table 7.3 Percentage of current dri
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Table 7.4 Alcohol use in the social
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Holiday-makers • Research conduct
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Figure 7.3 Heavy drinkers by gender
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The countries with the lowest perce
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• In France it is more likely tha
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Figure 7.6 Age distribution of prim
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• In 2008, 337 day-care admission
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• In approximately 1,200 admissio
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Table 7.9 Estimated number of injur
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• On the basis of current researc
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Figure 7.10 Deaths from alcohol use
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• EU member states have different
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• Surveys by the Continuous Surve
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Figure 8.1 Percentage of smokers in
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8.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
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Special education Table 8.3 shows t
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Table 8.4 Smokers in the EU-15 plus
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medication, Champix ® , which was
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among passive smoking men, the elev
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Table 8.6 Deaths from lung cancer a
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Since 1 January 2003 it is no longe
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Table 8.8 Cigarette prices and taxe
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eported. These refer to 2007 in the
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Table 9.1 Criminal investigations i
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Table 9.2 Number of dismantled prod
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Table 9.3 Characteristics of suspec
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Figure 9.2 Number of Opium Act case
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Table 9.5 Opium Act cases as a perc
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Disposals by the courts (in the fir
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• Financial orders (Public Prosec
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Table 9.9 Prevalence of new crimina
Page 215 and 216: 10.2 Drug use among offenders Drug-
Page 217 and 218: • In some two-thirds of cases opi
Page 219 and 220: I, II Table 10.2 Number of times th
Page 221 and 222: • The ISD has a capacity of 1,000
Page 223 and 224: • Although there are some female
Page 225 and 226: Clinical admission Admission to a h
Page 227 and 228: Mellow Type of music at raves that
Page 229 and 230: Secondary diagnosis A secondary or
Page 231 and 232: Dismissal on policy grounds Decisio
Page 233 and 234: eintegration and rehabilitation of
Page 235 and 236: I. Use and problem use Source Targe
Page 237 and 238: II. Treatment demand and treatment
Page 239 and 240: IV. Market information Source Targe
Page 241 and 242: Source Target group/subject Sources
Page 244 and 245: Appendix C Explanation of ICD-9 and
Page 246 and 247: Appendix D Websites in the area of
Page 248 and 249: Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sp
Page 250: Appendix E Drug use in a number of
Page 254 and 255: References Adlaf, E.M., Korf, D.J.,
Page 256 and 257: Coumans, A.M. (2005). Survival on t
Page 258 and 259: Ganpat, S., Wits, E., Schoenmakers,
Page 260 and 261: Knibbe, R.A., Joosten, J., Derickx,
Page 262 and 263: Monshouwer, K., Smit, F., De Graaf,
Page 264 and 265: Rigter, H., Van Laar, M. (2002). Ep
Page 268 and 269: Van Leeuwen, F.E. (1999). Epidemiol
Page 270: In the Netherlands various monitori
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