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Figure 5.2 Numbers registered with (outpatient) addiction care for primary or secondary Ecstasy problems from 1994 I 1000 Number 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Primary Secondary 29 208 398 457 340 252 241 225 250 277 291 293 228 239 191 32 321 552 672 607 549 573 563 622 655 750 781 715 663 571 I. In 1994 the registration of Ecstasy problems was not yet complete. Source: LADIS, IVZ (2009). Amphetamine • The number of clients with amphetamines as the primary problem rose until 1998, followed by a drop, but rose again between 2001 and 207. Between 2007 and 2008 this rise did not continue (Figure 5.3). • The percentage of amphetamines in the entire treatment demand for drug problems remained low throughout the years under review (between 2% and 4%). • Per 100,000 inhabitants aged 15 and older, LADIS registered eleven primary amphetamine clients in 2008 - more than in 1994 or in 2001 (4 in both years). • In 2008, nearly a quarter (23%) of primary amphetamine clients were first-time clients of (outpatient) addiction care for a drugs problem. • The majority of clients with a primary amphetamine problem also reported problems with other substances (79%). • For about nine hundred clients amphetamines were a secondary problem in 2008. This represents an increase of 4% compared to 2007. For this group, the primary problem was heroin (59%), alcohol (25%), cannabis (6.4%), or cocaine or crack (2%). 5 Ecstasy, amphetamine and related substances 119
Figure 5.3 Numbers registered with (outpatient) addiction care for primary or secondary amphetamine problems from 1994 1600 Number 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Primary Secondary 497 566 667 794 870 810 623 482 543 735 954 1118 1215 1473 1446 489 566 558 610 590 560 498 474 481 552 645 728 760 878 910 Source LADIS, IVZ (2009). Age and Gender Ecstasy • In 2008 approximately seven out of ten (73%) of primary Ecstasy clients were male. The percentage of female clients (27%) is greater than for cannabis, cocaine or opiates (18-21%). Between 2000 and 2008 the percentage of female clients rose from 19 to 27 percent. • The average age of primary Ecstasy clients was 27. Accordingly, they are the youngest of all drugs clients. The peak age group is 20-24 (see Figure 5.4). Amphetamine • In 2008 three quarters of primary amphetamine clients were male (76%). The percentage of female clients rose slightly from 21% in 2000 to 24% in 2008. • The average age is 29, somewhat older than Ecstasy clients, and slightly higher than the average age in 2005, when it was 26. For amphetamine clients, the peak age is 20-29 (Figure 5.4). 120 Netherlands National Drug Monitor - NDM Annual Report 2009
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Netherlands National Drug Monitor N
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Colophon Project Manager Dr. M.W. v
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Preface This is already the tenth A
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5.4 Problem Use 113 5.5 Usage: Inte
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List of abreviations and acronyms 2
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NEMESIS NFU NIGZ NMG NPO NRI NVIC N
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Summary Below is an outline of the
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The number of hospital admissions c
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GHB. In 2008/2009 4.6 percent of fr
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Deaths In the Netherlands, smoking
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Offences by drug users Drug users c
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Opiates Ecstasy Amphetamine Alcohol
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1 Introduction The National Drug Mo
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use, particularly cannabis, under-r
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information is available, this is b
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2 Cannabis Cannabis (Cannabis Sativ
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Figure 2.1 Cannabis users in the Ne
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Figure 2.2 Cannabis use among secon
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Cannabis and problem behaviour •
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Table 2.4 Cannabis use among pupils
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Table 2.5 Current cannabis use in s
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• The sharp increase in treatment
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Trends It is difficult to determine
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• The role of cannabis in all req
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- misuse or dependence on alcohol a
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At the Ambulance Transport Centre (
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• So far, epidemiological studies
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Quality and price The Trimbos Insti
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3 Cocaine Cocaine works as a stimul
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Age, gender and urbanisation level
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Special groups In certain groups of
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Table 3.3 Cocaine use in special gr
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and 7.7% in the U.K (England and Wa
Page 70 and 71: Table 3.5 Cocaine use among school-
Page 72 and 73: Figure 3.2 Number of (outpatient) a
Page 74 and 75: Figure 3.4 Admissions to general ho
Page 76 and 77: The Netherlands Cause-of-Death stat
Page 78: • Little is known as yet about a
Page 81 and 82: 4.2 Usage: general population Heroi
Page 83 and 84: • In the province of Gelderland,
Page 85 and 86: Figure 4.1 Estimates of the number
Page 87 and 88: and syringes exchanged has been reg
Page 89 and 90: • Between 2001 and 2004 the numbe
Page 91 and 92: - misuse of or dependence on alcoho
Page 93 and 94: same time it should be noted that t
Page 95 and 96: International comparison The Europe
Page 97 and 98: The total number of chronic hepatit
Page 99 and 100: • It is thought that risk behavio
Page 101 and 102: the ICD-9 classification. Drug deat
Page 103 and 104: Amsterdam GGD Amsterdam reports the
Page 105 and 106: Figure 4.9 Number of drug-induced d
Page 107 and 108: • Pupils attending REC-4 schools
Page 109 and 110: 5.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
Page 111 and 112: • In 2008, key observers in Amste
Page 113 and 114: Table 5.3 Use of Ecstasy and amphet
Page 115 and 116: Table 5.4a Use of amphetamines and
Page 117 and 118: Table 5.5a Ecstasy use among school
Page 119: Ecstasy • The number of (outpatie
Page 123 and 124: • The same person may be admitted
Page 125 and 126: • The number of requests for info
Page 127 and 128: According to the EMCDDA, in other E
Page 129 and 130: Figure 5.6 Concentration of MDMA in
Page 131 and 132: Table 5.9 Number of samples contain
Page 133 and 134: • Consumers who had drug samples
Page 135 and 136: 6.2 Usage: general population The r
Page 137 and 138: GHB use is more common among juveni
Page 139 and 140: • GHB use among school-goers is l
Page 141 and 142: Table 6.4 GHB incidents registered
Page 143 and 144: • Of the liquid samples sold as G
Page 145 and 146: • Total deaths from alcohol-relat
Page 147 and 148: Figure 7.1 Alcohol consumption amon
Page 149 and 150: Ethnic background • Among seconda
Page 151 and 152: Table 7.3 Percentage of current dri
Page 153 and 154: Table 7.4 Alcohol use in the social
Page 155 and 156: Holiday-makers • Research conduct
Page 157 and 158: Figure 7.3 Heavy drinkers by gender
Page 159 and 160: The countries with the lowest perce
Page 161 and 162: • In France it is more likely tha
Page 163 and 164: Figure 7.6 Age distribution of prim
Page 165 and 166: • In 2008, 337 day-care admission
Page 167 and 168: • In approximately 1,200 admissio
Page 169 and 170: Table 7.9 Estimated number of injur
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• On the basis of current researc
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Figure 7.10 Deaths from alcohol use
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• EU member states have different
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• Surveys by the Continuous Surve
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Figure 8.1 Percentage of smokers in
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8.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
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Special education Table 8.3 shows t
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Table 8.4 Smokers in the EU-15 plus
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medication, Champix ® , which was
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among passive smoking men, the elev
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Table 8.6 Deaths from lung cancer a
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Since 1 January 2003 it is no longe
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Table 8.8 Cigarette prices and taxe
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eported. These refer to 2007 in the
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Table 9.1 Criminal investigations i
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Table 9.2 Number of dismantled prod
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Table 9.3 Characteristics of suspec
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Figure 9.2 Number of Opium Act case
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Table 9.5 Opium Act cases as a perc
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Disposals by the courts (in the fir
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• Financial orders (Public Prosec
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Table 9.9 Prevalence of new crimina
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10.2 Drug use among offenders Drug-
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• In some two-thirds of cases opi
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I, II Table 10.2 Number of times th
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• The ISD has a capacity of 1,000
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• Although there are some female
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Clinical admission Admission to a h
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Mellow Type of music at raves that
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Secondary diagnosis A secondary or
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Dismissal on policy grounds Decisio
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eintegration and rehabilitation of
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I. Use and problem use Source Targe
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II. Treatment demand and treatment
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IV. Market information Source Targe
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Source Target group/subject Sources
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Appendix C Explanation of ICD-9 and
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Appendix D Websites in the area of
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Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sp
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Appendix E Drug use in a number of
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References Adlaf, E.M., Korf, D.J.,
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Coumans, A.M. (2005). Survival on t
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Ganpat, S., Wits, E., Schoenmakers,
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Knibbe, R.A., Joosten, J., Derickx,
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Monshouwer, K., Smit, F., De Graaf,
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Rigter, H., Van Laar, M. (2002). Ep
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Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal (2
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Van Leeuwen, F.E. (1999). Epidemiol
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In the Netherlands various monitori
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