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(Utrecht, Flevoland), West (Noord- and Zuid-Holland) and South (Noord- Brabant, Zeeland, Limburg). - The percentage of current smokers was highest in West (54%), followed by North (51%), South (50%), East (47%) and Central (46%), although these differences were not statistically significant. - On the basis of these regional data, a national estimate of this substance use among clubbers is being drawn up. These data were not available for this Annual Report, but will be included in the final report of the social scene survey. • In 2008, 81% of clubbers in Amsterdam had ever smoked, and 61% were current smokers (Benschop et al., 2009). In 2003 only 55% were current smokers. During this period, the percentage of daily smokers declined however, from 38% to 30%. On average, current smokers smoke nine cigarettes a day. 8.4 International comparison General Population On behalf of the European Commission, The Flash Eurobarometer measured the number of smokers in the EU member States + Norway in 2008. In the population aged over 15, the survey measured the percentage of daily smokers and the percentage of occasional smokers. These percentages differ considerably between the countries (table 8.4) (Gallup, 2009). • Of the EU-15 + Norway, Greece had the most smokers (42%), with 35% daily smokers and 7% occasional smokers. Sweden had the fewest (25%), with 18% daily smokers and 7% occasional. The Netherlands occupies an intermediate position. • In all countries of the EU-15 + Norway, the percentage of daily smokers is larger than the percentage of occasional smokers. On average, in these 16 countries, the percentage of daily smokers is five times higher than the percentage of occasional smokers. • Of the EU-15 + Norway, the percentage of ex-smokers is highest in the Netherlands (29.2%), followed by Sweden (28.5%). The percentage of former smokers is lowest in Portugal (16.0%). • In the EU-27 in 2008, 38% of males aged 15 and older were smokers, compared to 26% of females. Of the male cohort, 32% smoke daily and 6% smoke sometimes. Of the female cohort, 21% smoke daily and 5% smoke sometimes. 8 Tobacco 183
Table 8.4 Smokers in the EU-15 plus Norway aged 15 and older. Survey year 2008 Country Daily Sometimes Total Greece 34.7 7.4 42.1 Denmark 29.0 5.2 34.2 France 28.3 5.9 34.2 Austria 25.7 8.1 33.8 Germany 27.3 5.5 32.8 Spain 27.4 4.1 31.5 Ireland 24.6 4.2 28.8 Luxembourg 24.2 4.6 28.8 Italy 25.6 3.0 28.6 The Netherlands 24.2 3.8 28.0 Norway 20.7 7.2 27.9 U.K. 22.8 4.9 27.7 Belgium 23.7 2.5 26.2 Portugal 22.0 4.0 26.0 Finland 18.9 6.0 24.9 Sweden 17.5 7.0 24.5 Percentage of smokers. Daily smoking is not counted as sometimes smoking; the percentages may be added up. Source: Flash Eurobarometer, European Commission, Gallup Juveniles and Young Adults With the ESPAD survey of 2007 (see appendix B) it is possible to compare the smoking behaviour of 15 and 16 year old pupils in secondary schools throughout Europe. Figure 8.4 shows the percentage of current smokers in 14 EU member states, plus Norway and Switzerland (Hibell et al., 2009). • Of the countries under review, Austria had the most and Portugal and Norway the fewest smokers among secondary school students. • The Netherlands occupies an intermediate position. • In most of the countries, more girls smoke than boys. • Nearly a quarter of Dutch school-goers (24%) report having smoked more than forty times in their lives. In the other countries, this percentage varies from 12% in Portugal to 35% in Austria. 184 Netherlands National Drug Monitor - NDM Annual Report 2009
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Netherlands National Drug Monitor N
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Colophon Project Manager Dr. M.W. v
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Preface This is already the tenth A
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5.4 Problem Use 113 5.5 Usage: Inte
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List of abreviations and acronyms 2
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NEMESIS NFU NIGZ NMG NPO NRI NVIC N
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Summary Below is an outline of the
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The number of hospital admissions c
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GHB. In 2008/2009 4.6 percent of fr
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Deaths In the Netherlands, smoking
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Offences by drug users Drug users c
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Opiates Ecstasy Amphetamine Alcohol
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1 Introduction The National Drug Mo
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use, particularly cannabis, under-r
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information is available, this is b
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2 Cannabis Cannabis (Cannabis Sativ
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Figure 2.1 Cannabis users in the Ne
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Figure 2.2 Cannabis use among secon
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Cannabis and problem behaviour •
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Table 2.4 Cannabis use among pupils
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Table 2.5 Current cannabis use in s
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• The sharp increase in treatment
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Trends It is difficult to determine
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• The role of cannabis in all req
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- misuse or dependence on alcohol a
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At the Ambulance Transport Centre (
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• So far, epidemiological studies
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Quality and price The Trimbos Insti
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3 Cocaine Cocaine works as a stimul
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Age, gender and urbanisation level
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Special groups In certain groups of
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Table 3.3 Cocaine use in special gr
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and 7.7% in the U.K (England and Wa
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Table 3.5 Cocaine use among school-
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Figure 3.2 Number of (outpatient) a
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Figure 3.4 Admissions to general ho
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The Netherlands Cause-of-Death stat
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• Little is known as yet about a
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4.2 Usage: general population Heroi
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• In the province of Gelderland,
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Figure 4.1 Estimates of the number
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and syringes exchanged has been reg
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• Between 2001 and 2004 the numbe
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- misuse of or dependence on alcoho
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same time it should be noted that t
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International comparison The Europe
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The total number of chronic hepatit
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• It is thought that risk behavio
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the ICD-9 classification. Drug deat
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Amsterdam GGD Amsterdam reports the
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Figure 4.9 Number of drug-induced d
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• Pupils attending REC-4 schools
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5.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
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• In 2008, key observers in Amste
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Table 5.3 Use of Ecstasy and amphet
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Table 5.4a Use of amphetamines and
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Table 5.5a Ecstasy use among school
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Ecstasy • The number of (outpatie
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Figure 5.3 Numbers registered with
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• The same person may be admitted
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• The number of requests for info
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According to the EMCDDA, in other E
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Figure 5.6 Concentration of MDMA in
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Table 5.9 Number of samples contain
Page 133 and 134: • Consumers who had drug samples
Page 135 and 136: 6.2 Usage: general population The r
Page 137 and 138: GHB use is more common among juveni
Page 139 and 140: • GHB use among school-goers is l
Page 141 and 142: Table 6.4 GHB incidents registered
Page 143 and 144: • Of the liquid samples sold as G
Page 145 and 146: • Total deaths from alcohol-relat
Page 147 and 148: Figure 7.1 Alcohol consumption amon
Page 149 and 150: Ethnic background • Among seconda
Page 151 and 152: Table 7.3 Percentage of current dri
Page 153 and 154: Table 7.4 Alcohol use in the social
Page 155 and 156: Holiday-makers • Research conduct
Page 157 and 158: Figure 7.3 Heavy drinkers by gender
Page 159 and 160: The countries with the lowest perce
Page 161 and 162: • In France it is more likely tha
Page 163 and 164: Figure 7.6 Age distribution of prim
Page 165 and 166: • In 2008, 337 day-care admission
Page 167 and 168: • In approximately 1,200 admissio
Page 169 and 170: Table 7.9 Estimated number of injur
Page 171 and 172: • On the basis of current researc
Page 173 and 174: Figure 7.10 Deaths from alcohol use
Page 175 and 176: • EU member states have different
Page 177 and 178: • Surveys by the Continuous Surve
Page 179 and 180: Figure 8.1 Percentage of smokers in
Page 181 and 182: 8.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
Page 183: Special education Table 8.3 shows t
Page 187 and 188: medication, Champix ® , which was
Page 189 and 190: among passive smoking men, the elev
Page 191 and 192: Table 8.6 Deaths from lung cancer a
Page 193 and 194: Since 1 January 2003 it is no longe
Page 195 and 196: Table 8.8 Cigarette prices and taxe
Page 197 and 198: eported. These refer to 2007 in the
Page 199 and 200: Table 9.1 Criminal investigations i
Page 201 and 202: Table 9.2 Number of dismantled prod
Page 203 and 204: Table 9.3 Characteristics of suspec
Page 205 and 206: Figure 9.2 Number of Opium Act case
Page 207 and 208: Table 9.5 Opium Act cases as a perc
Page 209 and 210: Disposals by the courts (in the fir
Page 211 and 212: • Financial orders (Public Prosec
Page 213 and 214: Table 9.9 Prevalence of new crimina
Page 215 and 216: 10.2 Drug use among offenders Drug-
Page 217 and 218: • In some two-thirds of cases opi
Page 219 and 220: I, II Table 10.2 Number of times th
Page 221 and 222: • The ISD has a capacity of 1,000
Page 223 and 224: • Although there are some female
Page 225 and 226: Clinical admission Admission to a h
Page 227 and 228: Mellow Type of music at raves that
Page 229 and 230: Secondary diagnosis A secondary or
Page 231 and 232: Dismissal on policy grounds Decisio
Page 233 and 234: eintegration and rehabilitation of
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I. Use and problem use Source Targe
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II. Treatment demand and treatment
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IV. Market information Source Targe
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Source Target group/subject Sources
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Appendix C Explanation of ICD-9 and
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Appendix D Websites in the area of
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Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sp
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Appendix E Drug use in a number of
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References Adlaf, E.M., Korf, D.J.,
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Coumans, A.M. (2005). Survival on t
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Ganpat, S., Wits, E., Schoenmakers,
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Knibbe, R.A., Joosten, J., Derickx,
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Monshouwer, K., Smit, F., De Graaf,
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Rigter, H., Van Laar, M. (2002). Ep
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Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal (2
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Van Leeuwen, F.E. (1999). Epidemiol
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In the Netherlands various monitori
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