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Primary cause of death The direct cause of someone’s death. If someone dies directly from an overdose of drugs, then this is the primary cause of death. If someone dies from an accident that occurred under the influence of a drug, the accident is the primary cause of death. The drug is a secondary cause. Problem use The use of a substance in such a way that physical, mental or social problems arise, or that a nuisance to a society arises. Problem use is not always addiction. “Misuse” is a form of problem use that does not mean addiction. Psychodysleptic drugs See: Hallucinogens Psychonauts A psychonaut is literally someone who goes on a journey within the mind. Psychonauts use drugs to stimulate their mental journey of discovery. Some use only natural drugs such as magic mushrooms and cacti. Others also use synthetic drugs for their trip. Psychonauts can exchange their experiences on the website www.psychonaut.com Psychosis Mental disorder involving hallucinations, i.e. sensory experience (seeing, hearing or feeling) that someone has, but is not shared by others. If the disorder does not last longer than a month, then it is called a temporary psychotic disorder. Recent use The use of a substance in the past year, irrespective of the frequency (from once to daily). Recent users are automatically included with ever users (use ever in one’s life). Recreational use Use of a substance (generally in the user’s leisure time), without problem use (misuse or addiction). Schizophrenia Mental disorder involving hallucinations, i.e. sensory experience (seeing, hearing or feeling) that someone has, but is not shared by others People suffering from this disorder function poorly at school at work and in the family. The disorder is only known as schizophrenia if the disorder has lasted for at least six months. Secondary cause of death A cause that has contributed indirectly to death. If someone died from an accident that took place while he or she was under the influence of a drug, the drug is a secondary cause of death. Appendix A Glossary of Terms 227
Secondary diagnosis A secondary or underlying illness, in addition to the main illness (primary diagnosis) for which a person has been admitted to hospital. Secondary problem If a user has a problem with two (or more) substances, the secondary problem is the substance that causes relatively the least problems. The other substance is the primary problem. Soft drugs Drugs on list II of the Opium Act, particularly cannabis. These are drugs that constitute a less great public health hazard than the hard drugs on list I of the Opium Act. Special secondary education Education for children with learning difficulties (MLK), education for children with learning and educational difficulties (LOM) and education for children with severe educational difficulties (ZMOK). THC Tetrahydrocannabinol, the main psycho-active ingredient of cannabis. Tobacconists and convenience stores Shops that generally sell products such as tobacco products, (cigarettes, cigars, rolling tobacco), smokers requisites (pipes, lighters) and magazines, newspapers, greeting cards, snacks, sweets and lottery tickets and scratch cards. Use / Usage The use of a substance ever in one’s life (ever use or lifetime use), in the past year (recent use) or in the past month (current use). Current users are automatically included with recent users (past year), who in turn are automatically included with ever users. II. DRUGS CRIME 13 Acquittal Verdict by the judge when it is deemed not proven that the charges laid against the accused have been committed by the accused. See also: case dismissal, verdict of guilt. Adult suspect / offender Suspects who are 18 or older at the time of committing a punishable offence. 13 Source: Statistics Netherlands (CBS), Voorburg/Heerlen, 2003; edited by WODC. 228 Netherlands National Drug Monitor - NDM Annual Report 2009
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Netherlands National Drug Monitor N
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Colophon Project Manager Dr. M.W. v
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Preface This is already the tenth A
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5.4 Problem Use 113 5.5 Usage: Inte
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List of abreviations and acronyms 2
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NEMESIS NFU NIGZ NMG NPO NRI NVIC N
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Summary Below is an outline of the
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The number of hospital admissions c
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GHB. In 2008/2009 4.6 percent of fr
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Deaths In the Netherlands, smoking
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Offences by drug users Drug users c
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Opiates Ecstasy Amphetamine Alcohol
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1 Introduction The National Drug Mo
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use, particularly cannabis, under-r
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information is available, this is b
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2 Cannabis Cannabis (Cannabis Sativ
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Figure 2.1 Cannabis users in the Ne
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Figure 2.2 Cannabis use among secon
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Cannabis and problem behaviour •
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Table 2.4 Cannabis use among pupils
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Table 2.5 Current cannabis use in s
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• The sharp increase in treatment
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Trends It is difficult to determine
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• The role of cannabis in all req
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- misuse or dependence on alcohol a
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At the Ambulance Transport Centre (
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• So far, epidemiological studies
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Quality and price The Trimbos Insti
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3 Cocaine Cocaine works as a stimul
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Age, gender and urbanisation level
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Special groups In certain groups of
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Table 3.3 Cocaine use in special gr
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and 7.7% in the U.K (England and Wa
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Table 3.5 Cocaine use among school-
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Figure 3.2 Number of (outpatient) a
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Figure 3.4 Admissions to general ho
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The Netherlands Cause-of-Death stat
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• Little is known as yet about a
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4.2 Usage: general population Heroi
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• In the province of Gelderland,
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Figure 4.1 Estimates of the number
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and syringes exchanged has been reg
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• Between 2001 and 2004 the numbe
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- misuse of or dependence on alcoho
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same time it should be noted that t
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International comparison The Europe
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The total number of chronic hepatit
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• It is thought that risk behavio
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the ICD-9 classification. Drug deat
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Amsterdam GGD Amsterdam reports the
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Figure 4.9 Number of drug-induced d
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• Pupils attending REC-4 schools
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5.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
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• In 2008, key observers in Amste
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Table 5.3 Use of Ecstasy and amphet
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Table 5.4a Use of amphetamines and
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Table 5.5a Ecstasy use among school
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Ecstasy • The number of (outpatie
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Figure 5.3 Numbers registered with
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• The same person may be admitted
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• The number of requests for info
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According to the EMCDDA, in other E
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Figure 5.6 Concentration of MDMA in
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Table 5.9 Number of samples contain
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• Consumers who had drug samples
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6.2 Usage: general population The r
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GHB use is more common among juveni
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• GHB use among school-goers is l
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Table 6.4 GHB incidents registered
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• Of the liquid samples sold as G
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• Total deaths from alcohol-relat
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Figure 7.1 Alcohol consumption amon
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Ethnic background • Among seconda
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Table 7.3 Percentage of current dri
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Table 7.4 Alcohol use in the social
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Holiday-makers • Research conduct
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Figure 7.3 Heavy drinkers by gender
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The countries with the lowest perce
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• In France it is more likely tha
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Figure 7.6 Age distribution of prim
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• In 2008, 337 day-care admission
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• In approximately 1,200 admissio
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Table 7.9 Estimated number of injur
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• On the basis of current researc
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Figure 7.10 Deaths from alcohol use
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• EU member states have different
Page 177 and 178: • Surveys by the Continuous Surve
Page 179 and 180: Figure 8.1 Percentage of smokers in
Page 181 and 182: 8.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
Page 183 and 184: Special education Table 8.3 shows t
Page 185 and 186: Table 8.4 Smokers in the EU-15 plus
Page 187 and 188: medication, Champix ® , which was
Page 189 and 190: among passive smoking men, the elev
Page 191 and 192: Table 8.6 Deaths from lung cancer a
Page 193 and 194: Since 1 January 2003 it is no longe
Page 195 and 196: Table 8.8 Cigarette prices and taxe
Page 197 and 198: eported. These refer to 2007 in the
Page 199 and 200: Table 9.1 Criminal investigations i
Page 201 and 202: Table 9.2 Number of dismantled prod
Page 203 and 204: Table 9.3 Characteristics of suspec
Page 205 and 206: Figure 9.2 Number of Opium Act case
Page 207 and 208: Table 9.5 Opium Act cases as a perc
Page 209 and 210: Disposals by the courts (in the fir
Page 211 and 212: • Financial orders (Public Prosec
Page 213 and 214: Table 9.9 Prevalence of new crimina
Page 215 and 216: 10.2 Drug use among offenders Drug-
Page 217 and 218: • In some two-thirds of cases opi
Page 219 and 220: I, II Table 10.2 Number of times th
Page 221 and 222: • The ISD has a capacity of 1,000
Page 223 and 224: • Although there are some female
Page 225 and 226: Clinical admission Admission to a h
Page 227: Mellow Type of music at raves that
Page 231 and 232: Dismissal on policy grounds Decisio
Page 233 and 234: eintegration and rehabilitation of
Page 235 and 236: I. Use and problem use Source Targe
Page 237 and 238: II. Treatment demand and treatment
Page 239 and 240: IV. Market information Source Targe
Page 241 and 242: Source Target group/subject Sources
Page 244 and 245: Appendix C Explanation of ICD-9 and
Page 246 and 247: Appendix D Websites in the area of
Page 248 and 249: Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sp
Page 250: Appendix E Drug use in a number of
Page 254 and 255: References Adlaf, E.M., Korf, D.J.,
Page 256 and 257: Coumans, A.M. (2005). Survival on t
Page 258 and 259: Ganpat, S., Wits, E., Schoenmakers,
Page 260 and 261: Knibbe, R.A., Joosten, J., Derickx,
Page 262 and 263: Monshouwer, K., Smit, F., De Graaf,
Page 264 and 265: Rigter, H., Van Laar, M. (2002). Ep
Page 266 and 267: Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal (2
Page 268 and 269: Van Leeuwen, F.E. (1999). Epidemiol
Page 270: In the Netherlands various monitori
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