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Appendix A Glossary of Terms This appendix consists of two parts. In the first part terms are explained that relate to substance use and addiction. The second part explains the terminology used in connection with drug-related crime. I. Substance use and addiction Addiction Problem use of a substance, involving dependence. As a rule, this Annual Report means the clinical diagnosis of dependence. Hover, it is not possible for judicial monitoring organisations to establish clinical diagnoses. Judicial monitors register for example addition danger from drug use or ‘clear indications of addiction’ (see §8.3.2., SRM). The clinical diagnosis of dependence is established via classification systems as the DSM and the ICD. Characteristics of dependence are: frequent use of large amounts or prolonged periods of use, needing increasing quantities of the substance to induce the desired effect (habituation), withdrawal symptoms, using the substance to counteract withdrawal symptoms, wanting to quit without success, devoting considerable time to acquire the substance or to recover from use, neglecting important activities at home, at school at work or in leisure time and continuing with use despite the realization that it causes many problems. Age of onset The age at which an individual first used a substance, depending on the group to which it is applied. Age of onset may apply to ever users (ever lifetime use), recent users (in the past year) and current users (past month). The age of onset may also be determined for different age groups. For example, in 2005, the average age of onset for cannabis users in the 15 to 24 age group was 16.4 years. In the population aged 15 to 64 it was 19.6 years. In a younger age group, the average age of onset may be lower than in a broader population, because some ‘late’ substance users may not be included in the calculations. However, at a later age there may be distorted recall about the age at which a substance was first used. Data on age of onset should therefore be interpreted with caution. Chasing (the dragon) Smoking heroin from tinfoil. Buprenorphine Like methadone, buprenorphine is a substitute for heroin and is used as medication for treating heroin addiction. Advantages of buprenorphine over methadone are that overdose has fewer side effects, the withdrawal effects after stopping use are less severe, and the risk of misuse and addiction is lower. Appendix A Glossary of Terms 223
Clinical admission Admission to a hospital during which the patient stays for one or more nights in the hospital. Convenience stores See: Tobacconist and convenience store. Current Use The use of a substance in the past month, irrespective of frequency (from once to daily). Current users are automatically counted with recent users (past year), who in turn are automatically counted with ever users (lifetime use). Day care Admission to a hospital for a maximum of one day, without an overnight stay. Dependence See: Addiction. DSM DSM stands for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. DSM forms a guide for determining which mental disorder a person has. According to the DSM, addiction is one of the mental disorders. DSM-III-r is the third (revised) version, and DSM-IV is the fourth version. Dutch-grown weed Weed (a cannabis product) which is produced in the Netherlands. Ever use The use of a substance ever in one’s lifetime, irrespective of frequency (from once to daily). Ever use does not say anything about recent or current use. If someone once tried a substance a long time ago that was popular in those days, this counts as ever use for life. Hallucination Sensory experience (seeing, hearing or feeling) that someone has, but is not shared by others. Hallucinations may be a symptom of a mental disorder, but are induced deliberately by some through drugs. Hallucinogens Substances that induce hallucinations, such as magic mushrooms and LSD. These are also known as psychodysleptic drugs. Cannabis can sometimes cause hallucinations. Hardcore Heavy form of music at raves. 224 Netherlands National Drug Monitor - NDM Annual Report 2009
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Netherlands National Drug Monitor N
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Colophon Project Manager Dr. M.W. v
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Preface This is already the tenth A
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5.4 Problem Use 113 5.5 Usage: Inte
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List of abreviations and acronyms 2
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NEMESIS NFU NIGZ NMG NPO NRI NVIC N
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Summary Below is an outline of the
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The number of hospital admissions c
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GHB. In 2008/2009 4.6 percent of fr
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Deaths In the Netherlands, smoking
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Offences by drug users Drug users c
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Opiates Ecstasy Amphetamine Alcohol
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1 Introduction The National Drug Mo
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use, particularly cannabis, under-r
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information is available, this is b
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2 Cannabis Cannabis (Cannabis Sativ
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Figure 2.1 Cannabis users in the Ne
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Figure 2.2 Cannabis use among secon
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Cannabis and problem behaviour •
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Table 2.4 Cannabis use among pupils
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Table 2.5 Current cannabis use in s
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• The sharp increase in treatment
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Trends It is difficult to determine
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• The role of cannabis in all req
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- misuse or dependence on alcohol a
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At the Ambulance Transport Centre (
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• So far, epidemiological studies
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Quality and price The Trimbos Insti
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3 Cocaine Cocaine works as a stimul
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Age, gender and urbanisation level
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Special groups In certain groups of
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Table 3.3 Cocaine use in special gr
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and 7.7% in the U.K (England and Wa
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Table 3.5 Cocaine use among school-
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Figure 3.2 Number of (outpatient) a
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Figure 3.4 Admissions to general ho
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The Netherlands Cause-of-Death stat
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• Little is known as yet about a
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4.2 Usage: general population Heroi
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• In the province of Gelderland,
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Figure 4.1 Estimates of the number
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and syringes exchanged has been reg
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• Between 2001 and 2004 the numbe
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- misuse of or dependence on alcoho
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same time it should be noted that t
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International comparison The Europe
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The total number of chronic hepatit
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• It is thought that risk behavio
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the ICD-9 classification. Drug deat
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Amsterdam GGD Amsterdam reports the
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Figure 4.9 Number of drug-induced d
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• Pupils attending REC-4 schools
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5.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
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• In 2008, key observers in Amste
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Table 5.3 Use of Ecstasy and amphet
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Table 5.4a Use of amphetamines and
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Table 5.5a Ecstasy use among school
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Ecstasy • The number of (outpatie
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Figure 5.3 Numbers registered with
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• The same person may be admitted
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• The number of requests for info
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According to the EMCDDA, in other E
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Figure 5.6 Concentration of MDMA in
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Table 5.9 Number of samples contain
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• Consumers who had drug samples
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6.2 Usage: general population The r
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GHB use is more common among juveni
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• GHB use among school-goers is l
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Table 6.4 GHB incidents registered
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• Of the liquid samples sold as G
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• Total deaths from alcohol-relat
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Figure 7.1 Alcohol consumption amon
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Ethnic background • Among seconda
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Table 7.3 Percentage of current dri
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Table 7.4 Alcohol use in the social
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Holiday-makers • Research conduct
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Figure 7.3 Heavy drinkers by gender
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The countries with the lowest perce
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• In France it is more likely tha
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Figure 7.6 Age distribution of prim
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• In 2008, 337 day-care admission
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• In approximately 1,200 admissio
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Table 7.9 Estimated number of injur
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• On the basis of current researc
Page 173 and 174: Figure 7.10 Deaths from alcohol use
Page 175 and 176: • EU member states have different
Page 177 and 178: • Surveys by the Continuous Surve
Page 179 and 180: Figure 8.1 Percentage of smokers in
Page 181 and 182: 8.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
Page 183 and 184: Special education Table 8.3 shows t
Page 185 and 186: Table 8.4 Smokers in the EU-15 plus
Page 187 and 188: medication, Champix ® , which was
Page 189 and 190: among passive smoking men, the elev
Page 191 and 192: Table 8.6 Deaths from lung cancer a
Page 193 and 194: Since 1 January 2003 it is no longe
Page 195 and 196: Table 8.8 Cigarette prices and taxe
Page 197 and 198: eported. These refer to 2007 in the
Page 199 and 200: Table 9.1 Criminal investigations i
Page 201 and 202: Table 9.2 Number of dismantled prod
Page 203 and 204: Table 9.3 Characteristics of suspec
Page 205 and 206: Figure 9.2 Number of Opium Act case
Page 207 and 208: Table 9.5 Opium Act cases as a perc
Page 209 and 210: Disposals by the courts (in the fir
Page 211 and 212: • Financial orders (Public Prosec
Page 213 and 214: Table 9.9 Prevalence of new crimina
Page 215 and 216: 10.2 Drug use among offenders Drug-
Page 217 and 218: • In some two-thirds of cases opi
Page 219 and 220: I, II Table 10.2 Number of times th
Page 221 and 222: • The ISD has a capacity of 1,000
Page 223: • Although there are some female
Page 227 and 228: Mellow Type of music at raves that
Page 229 and 230: Secondary diagnosis A secondary or
Page 231 and 232: Dismissal on policy grounds Decisio
Page 233 and 234: eintegration and rehabilitation of
Page 235 and 236: I. Use and problem use Source Targe
Page 237 and 238: II. Treatment demand and treatment
Page 239 and 240: IV. Market information Source Targe
Page 241 and 242: Source Target group/subject Sources
Page 244 and 245: Appendix C Explanation of ICD-9 and
Page 246 and 247: Appendix D Websites in the area of
Page 248 and 249: Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sp
Page 250: Appendix E Drug use in a number of
Page 254 and 255: References Adlaf, E.M., Korf, D.J.,
Page 256 and 257: Coumans, A.M. (2005). Survival on t
Page 258 and 259: Ganpat, S., Wits, E., Schoenmakers,
Page 260 and 261: Knibbe, R.A., Joosten, J., Derickx,
Page 262 and 263: Monshouwer, K., Smit, F., De Graaf,
Page 264 and 265: Rigter, H., Van Laar, M. (2002). Ep
Page 266 and 267: Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal (2
Page 268 and 269: Van Leeuwen, F.E. (1999). Epidemiol
Page 270: In the Netherlands various monitori
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