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Figure 8.5 Deaths from a number of smoking related conditions in the population aged over 20, from 2001 9000 Number 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Lung cancer COPD Coronary heart disease Stroke (CVA) Other 7596 7726 7629 8033 8053 8036 8321 8414 4983 4925 5083 4477 5006 4881 4992 4861 3667 3526 3442 3068 2912 2690 2521 2387 1763 1823 1662 1578 1465 1382 1348 1257 2096 2176 2324 2258 2332 2378 2340 2438 Number of deaths from smoking. Other conditions are: oral cavity cancer, cancer of the larynx, oesophageal cancer and heart failure. Source: RIVM, Statistics Netherlands (CBS). 8.7 Supply and market Availability of tobacco The market share of the various sales outlets varies for cigarettes, cigars, rolling tobacco and pipe tobacco (Dutch Retailers Association, 2009). • In 2008 39% of cigarettes were purchased in supermarkets, 29% at petrol stations, 19% in tobacconists and convenience stores, 5% in bars etc. and 8% from other outlets. • In the same year, the percentages for cigars were: 35% purchased in petrol stations, 30% in tobacconists and convenience stores, 24% purchased in supermarkets, 2% in bars etc. and 9% from other outlets. • The percentages for rolling tobacco and pipe tobacco were: 51% in supermarkets, 20% in tobacconists and convenience stores, 20% at petrol stations, 3% in bars etc. and 7% from other outlets. 8 Tobacco 191
Since 1 January 2003 it is no longer permitted under the amended tobacco laws, to sell tobacco products to juveniles aged under 16. • The number of 13 to 15 year olds surveyed who have bought tobacco products dropped between 1999 and 2005 from 26% to 9%, but rose to 10% in 2007 (Kruize & Bieleman, 2008b). • Youngsters attempt to purchase tobacco products from four different kinds of retail outlets: specialist tobacconists, grocery stores, petrol stations and cigarette machines. The trend in purchase attempts is moving away from grocery stores (4%), petrol stations (5%) and cigarette machines (3%), but is increasing among specialist tobacconists. • The likelihood that a juvenile aged under 16 will succeed in purchasing tobacco products was at least 90% in 2007, which is the same as in previous survey years. Nonetheless, 97% of retailers claim that they never sell tobacco to children aged under 16. • On the whole, the statutory ban on sales to underage smokers has probably been effective, as fewer juveniles now smoke and non-smokers less frequently purchase tobacco (Verdonk-Kleinjan, et al. 2008). On 1 January 2004, an article was added to the Tobacco Act to the effect that employers are obliged to protect employees from environmental tobacco smoke. • The percentage of companies that claim to have correctly implemented the smoking ban rose from 76% to 95% between 2004 and 2008 (Intraval, 2009). • During this period, the percentage of companies that experienced problems in the introduction of the smoking ban declined from 23% to 12%. • During the same period, the percentage of companies that experienced problems in maintaining the smoking ban dropped from 15% to 4%. Excise duty • In July 2009, a packet of 19 cigarettes in the most popular price bracket cost 4.60 euro. This converts to 6.05 euro for 25 cigarettes, of which €3.45 is excise tax and €0.97 is VAT (table 8.7). A packet of rolling tobacco weighing 50 grams cost €5.50, of which €2.48 is excise duty and €0.88 is VAT. 192 Netherlands National Drug Monitor - NDM Annual Report 2009
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Netherlands National Drug Monitor N
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Colophon Project Manager Dr. M.W. v
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Preface This is already the tenth A
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5.4 Problem Use 113 5.5 Usage: Inte
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List of abreviations and acronyms 2
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NEMESIS NFU NIGZ NMG NPO NRI NVIC N
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Summary Below is an outline of the
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The number of hospital admissions c
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GHB. In 2008/2009 4.6 percent of fr
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Deaths In the Netherlands, smoking
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Offences by drug users Drug users c
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Opiates Ecstasy Amphetamine Alcohol
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1 Introduction The National Drug Mo
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use, particularly cannabis, under-r
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information is available, this is b
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2 Cannabis Cannabis (Cannabis Sativ
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Figure 2.1 Cannabis users in the Ne
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Figure 2.2 Cannabis use among secon
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Cannabis and problem behaviour •
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Table 2.4 Cannabis use among pupils
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Table 2.5 Current cannabis use in s
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• The sharp increase in treatment
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Trends It is difficult to determine
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• The role of cannabis in all req
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- misuse or dependence on alcohol a
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At the Ambulance Transport Centre (
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• So far, epidemiological studies
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Quality and price The Trimbos Insti
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3 Cocaine Cocaine works as a stimul
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Age, gender and urbanisation level
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Special groups In certain groups of
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Table 3.3 Cocaine use in special gr
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and 7.7% in the U.K (England and Wa
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Table 3.5 Cocaine use among school-
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Figure 3.2 Number of (outpatient) a
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Figure 3.4 Admissions to general ho
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The Netherlands Cause-of-Death stat
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• Little is known as yet about a
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4.2 Usage: general population Heroi
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• In the province of Gelderland,
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Figure 4.1 Estimates of the number
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and syringes exchanged has been reg
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• Between 2001 and 2004 the numbe
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- misuse of or dependence on alcoho
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same time it should be noted that t
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International comparison The Europe
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The total number of chronic hepatit
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• It is thought that risk behavio
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the ICD-9 classification. Drug deat
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Amsterdam GGD Amsterdam reports the
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Figure 4.9 Number of drug-induced d
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• Pupils attending REC-4 schools
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5.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
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• In 2008, key observers in Amste
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Table 5.3 Use of Ecstasy and amphet
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Table 5.4a Use of amphetamines and
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Table 5.5a Ecstasy use among school
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Ecstasy • The number of (outpatie
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Figure 5.3 Numbers registered with
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• The same person may be admitted
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• The number of requests for info
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According to the EMCDDA, in other E
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Figure 5.6 Concentration of MDMA in
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Table 5.9 Number of samples contain
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• Consumers who had drug samples
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6.2 Usage: general population The r
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GHB use is more common among juveni
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• GHB use among school-goers is l
Page 141 and 142: Table 6.4 GHB incidents registered
Page 143 and 144: • Of the liquid samples sold as G
Page 145 and 146: • Total deaths from alcohol-relat
Page 147 and 148: Figure 7.1 Alcohol consumption amon
Page 149 and 150: Ethnic background • Among seconda
Page 151 and 152: Table 7.3 Percentage of current dri
Page 153 and 154: Table 7.4 Alcohol use in the social
Page 155 and 156: Holiday-makers • Research conduct
Page 157 and 158: Figure 7.3 Heavy drinkers by gender
Page 159 and 160: The countries with the lowest perce
Page 161 and 162: • In France it is more likely tha
Page 163 and 164: Figure 7.6 Age distribution of prim
Page 165 and 166: • In 2008, 337 day-care admission
Page 167 and 168: • In approximately 1,200 admissio
Page 169 and 170: Table 7.9 Estimated number of injur
Page 171 and 172: • On the basis of current researc
Page 173 and 174: Figure 7.10 Deaths from alcohol use
Page 175 and 176: • EU member states have different
Page 177 and 178: • Surveys by the Continuous Surve
Page 179 and 180: Figure 8.1 Percentage of smokers in
Page 181 and 182: 8.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
Page 183 and 184: Special education Table 8.3 shows t
Page 185 and 186: Table 8.4 Smokers in the EU-15 plus
Page 187 and 188: medication, Champix ® , which was
Page 189 and 190: among passive smoking men, the elev
Page 191: Table 8.6 Deaths from lung cancer a
Page 195 and 196: Table 8.8 Cigarette prices and taxe
Page 197 and 198: eported. These refer to 2007 in the
Page 199 and 200: Table 9.1 Criminal investigations i
Page 201 and 202: Table 9.2 Number of dismantled prod
Page 203 and 204: Table 9.3 Characteristics of suspec
Page 205 and 206: Figure 9.2 Number of Opium Act case
Page 207 and 208: Table 9.5 Opium Act cases as a perc
Page 209 and 210: Disposals by the courts (in the fir
Page 211 and 212: • Financial orders (Public Prosec
Page 213 and 214: Table 9.9 Prevalence of new crimina
Page 215 and 216: 10.2 Drug use among offenders Drug-
Page 217 and 218: • In some two-thirds of cases opi
Page 219 and 220: I, II Table 10.2 Number of times th
Page 221 and 222: • The ISD has a capacity of 1,000
Page 223 and 224: • Although there are some female
Page 225 and 226: Clinical admission Admission to a h
Page 227 and 228: Mellow Type of music at raves that
Page 229 and 230: Secondary diagnosis A secondary or
Page 231 and 232: Dismissal on policy grounds Decisio
Page 233 and 234: eintegration and rehabilitation of
Page 235 and 236: I. Use and problem use Source Targe
Page 237 and 238: II. Treatment demand and treatment
Page 239 and 240: IV. Market information Source Targe
Page 241 and 242: Source Target group/subject Sources
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Appendix C Explanation of ICD-9 and
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Appendix D Websites in the area of
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Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sp
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Appendix E Drug use in a number of
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References Adlaf, E.M., Korf, D.J.,
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Coumans, A.M. (2005). Survival on t
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Ganpat, S., Wits, E., Schoenmakers,
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Knibbe, R.A., Joosten, J., Derickx,
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Monshouwer, K., Smit, F., De Graaf,
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Rigter, H., Van Laar, M. (2002). Ep
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Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal (2
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Van Leeuwen, F.E. (1999). Epidemiol
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In the Netherlands various monitori
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