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Table 3.5 Cocaine use among school-goers aged 15 and 16 in a number of EU member states, Norway, Switzerland and the US I . Survey years 1999, 2003 and 2007 Country 1999 2003 2007 Ever use Ever use Recent use Ever use United States I 8% 5% 3% 5% United Kingdom 3% 4% 3% 5% Italy 2% 4% 3% 5% France 2% 3% - 5% Spain II - 6% 5% 4% Ireland 2% 3% 1% 4% Belgium - 3% 1% 4% The Netherlands 3% 3% 1% 3% Denmark II 1% 2% 2% 3% Germany III - 2% 2% 3% Switzerland - 1% 0% 3% Portugal 1% 3% 2% 2% Sweden 1% 1% 0% 2% Greece 1% 1% 1% 1% Norway 1% 1% 1% 1% Finland 1% 0% 0% 1% Percentage of ever users and (2003) in the past year (recent). I. - = not measured. I The US did not participate in the ESPAD, but conducted comparable research. II The data for Denmark and Spain are less representative. III Six of sixteen federal German states Source: ESPAD. 3.6 Treatment demand Outpatient Addiction Care The National Alcohol and Drugs Information System (LADIS) registers the number of people who seek treatment from the (outpatient) addiction care services, which include the addiction probation and aftercare service and addiction clinics that are merged with the outpatient addiction care services (Ouwehand et al., 2009; IVZ, 2009). (See appendix A: LADIS clients). • The number of clients with cocaine as a primary problem quadrupled between 1994 and 2004. Between 2004 and 2006 a small drop was registered for the first time, which did not persist into 2007; however, between 2007 and 2008 there was a fresh drop of three percent (figure 3.2). • Per 100 000 inhabitants aged 15 and older, the number of primary cocaine clients rose from 20 in 1994 to 76 in 2004, fluctuating thereafter between 72 and 74. 3 Cocaine 69
• The ratio of cocaine clients to all clients with a drug problem also grew, viz., from 13% in 1994 to 29% in 2008. • In 2008 about one in six (16%) primary cocaine clients were newcomers. These clients were registered in 2008 and had not been registered before with the (outpatient) addiction care services for a drug problem. • For half of primary cocaine clients (50%), smoking (crack) is the main method of use, and for almost the other half (47%) it is snorting. Only one percent inject cocaine. • The drop between 2004 and 2006 in the number of primary cocaine clients can be attributed to a reduction in the number of crack users. During this period, the percentage of crack users among primary cocaine clients declined from 61 to 54 percent. In 2007 this trend continued with a further decline to 50%, which stabilised in 2008. The percentage of those snorting the drug rose from 41% in 2006 to 47% in 2008. • Most primary cocaine clients (77%) also had problems with another substance, mainly alcohol (28%), cannabis (21%), heroin (12%) and stimulants (2%). For about a quarter (23%), cocaine was the only problem. • Cocaine was also often cited as a secondary problem (Figure 3.2). In this group, the primary problem was heroin (43%), alcohol (37%), or cannabis (12%). Between 2006 and 2007, there was a four percent rise in the number of clients with secondary cocaine problems, but this was followed by a 7% decline between 2007 and 2008.. 70 Netherlands National Drug Monitor - NDM Annual Report 2009
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Netherlands National Drug Monitor N
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Colophon Project Manager Dr. M.W. v
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Preface This is already the tenth A
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5.4 Problem Use 113 5.5 Usage: Inte
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List of abreviations and acronyms 2
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NEMESIS NFU NIGZ NMG NPO NRI NVIC N
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Summary Below is an outline of the
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The number of hospital admissions c
Page 20 and 21: GHB. In 2008/2009 4.6 percent of fr
Page 22 and 23: Deaths In the Netherlands, smoking
Page 24 and 25: Offences by drug users Drug users c
Page 26 and 27: Opiates Ecstasy Amphetamine Alcohol
Page 28 and 29: 1 Introduction The National Drug Mo
Page 30 and 31: use, particularly cannabis, under-r
Page 32 and 33: information is available, this is b
Page 34 and 35: 2 Cannabis Cannabis (Cannabis Sativ
Page 36 and 37: Figure 2.1 Cannabis users in the Ne
Page 38 and 39: Figure 2.2 Cannabis use among secon
Page 40 and 41: Cannabis and problem behaviour •
Page 42 and 43: Table 2.4 Cannabis use among pupils
Page 44 and 45: Table 2.5 Current cannabis use in s
Page 46 and 47: • The sharp increase in treatment
Page 48 and 49: Trends It is difficult to determine
Page 50 and 51: • The role of cannabis in all req
Page 52 and 53: - misuse or dependence on alcohol a
Page 54 and 55: At the Ambulance Transport Centre (
Page 56 and 57: • So far, epidemiological studies
Page 58 and 59: Quality and price The Trimbos Insti
Page 60 and 61: 3 Cocaine Cocaine works as a stimul
Page 62 and 63: Age, gender and urbanisation level
Page 64 and 65: Special groups In certain groups of
Page 66 and 67: Table 3.3 Cocaine use in special gr
Page 68 and 69: and 7.7% in the U.K (England and Wa
Page 72 and 73: Figure 3.2 Number of (outpatient) a
Page 74 and 75: Figure 3.4 Admissions to general ho
Page 76 and 77: The Netherlands Cause-of-Death stat
Page 78: • Little is known as yet about a
Page 81 and 82: 4.2 Usage: general population Heroi
Page 83 and 84: • In the province of Gelderland,
Page 85 and 86: Figure 4.1 Estimates of the number
Page 87 and 88: and syringes exchanged has been reg
Page 89 and 90: • Between 2001 and 2004 the numbe
Page 91 and 92: - misuse of or dependence on alcoho
Page 93 and 94: same time it should be noted that t
Page 95 and 96: International comparison The Europe
Page 97 and 98: The total number of chronic hepatit
Page 99 and 100: • It is thought that risk behavio
Page 101 and 102: the ICD-9 classification. Drug deat
Page 103 and 104: Amsterdam GGD Amsterdam reports the
Page 105 and 106: Figure 4.9 Number of drug-induced d
Page 107 and 108: • Pupils attending REC-4 schools
Page 109 and 110: 5.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
Page 111 and 112: • In 2008, key observers in Amste
Page 113 and 114: Table 5.3 Use of Ecstasy and amphet
Page 115 and 116: Table 5.4a Use of amphetamines and
Page 117 and 118: Table 5.5a Ecstasy use among school
Page 119 and 120: Ecstasy • The number of (outpatie
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Figure 5.3 Numbers registered with
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• The same person may be admitted
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• The number of requests for info
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According to the EMCDDA, in other E
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Figure 5.6 Concentration of MDMA in
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Table 5.9 Number of samples contain
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• Consumers who had drug samples
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6.2 Usage: general population The r
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GHB use is more common among juveni
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• GHB use among school-goers is l
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Table 6.4 GHB incidents registered
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• Of the liquid samples sold as G
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• Total deaths from alcohol-relat
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Figure 7.1 Alcohol consumption amon
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Ethnic background • Among seconda
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Table 7.3 Percentage of current dri
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Table 7.4 Alcohol use in the social
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Holiday-makers • Research conduct
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Figure 7.3 Heavy drinkers by gender
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The countries with the lowest perce
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• In France it is more likely tha
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Figure 7.6 Age distribution of prim
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• In 2008, 337 day-care admission
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• In approximately 1,200 admissio
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Table 7.9 Estimated number of injur
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• On the basis of current researc
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Figure 7.10 Deaths from alcohol use
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• EU member states have different
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• Surveys by the Continuous Surve
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Figure 8.1 Percentage of smokers in
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8.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
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Special education Table 8.3 shows t
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Table 8.4 Smokers in the EU-15 plus
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medication, Champix ® , which was
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among passive smoking men, the elev
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Table 8.6 Deaths from lung cancer a
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Since 1 January 2003 it is no longe
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Table 8.8 Cigarette prices and taxe
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eported. These refer to 2007 in the
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Table 9.1 Criminal investigations i
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Table 9.2 Number of dismantled prod
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Table 9.3 Characteristics of suspec
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Figure 9.2 Number of Opium Act case
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Table 9.5 Opium Act cases as a perc
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Disposals by the courts (in the fir
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• Financial orders (Public Prosec
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Table 9.9 Prevalence of new crimina
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10.2 Drug use among offenders Drug-
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• In some two-thirds of cases opi
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I, II Table 10.2 Number of times th
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• The ISD has a capacity of 1,000
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• Although there are some female
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Clinical admission Admission to a h
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Mellow Type of music at raves that
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Secondary diagnosis A secondary or
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Dismissal on policy grounds Decisio
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eintegration and rehabilitation of
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I. Use and problem use Source Targe
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II. Treatment demand and treatment
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IV. Market information Source Targe
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Source Target group/subject Sources
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Appendix C Explanation of ICD-9 and
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Appendix D Websites in the area of
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Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sp
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Appendix E Drug use in a number of
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References Adlaf, E.M., Korf, D.J.,
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Coumans, A.M. (2005). Survival on t
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Ganpat, S., Wits, E., Schoenmakers,
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Knibbe, R.A., Joosten, J., Derickx,
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Monshouwer, K., Smit, F., De Graaf,
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Rigter, H., Van Laar, M. (2002). Ep
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Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal (2
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Van Leeuwen, F.E. (1999). Epidemiol
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In the Netherlands various monitori
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