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Van Leeuwen, F.E. (1999). Epidemiologie van kanker: inzichten en vooruitzichten. Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit. Van Noorden, M.S., Van Dongen, L.C.A.M., Zitman, F.G., Vergouwen, T.A.C.M. (2009). Gamma-hydroxybutyrate withdrawal syndrome: dangerous but not wellknown. General Hospital Psychiatry, 31: 394-396. Van Ooyen-Houben, M. (2009). Delicten gepleegd door drugsgebruikers. In: M. Van Laar, M. Van Ooyen-Houben (red.). Evaluatie van het Nederlandse drugsbeleid, p. 267-292. Utrecht/Den Haag: Trimbos-instituut/WODC. Van Ooyen-Houben, M., Meijer, R., Kaal, H., Galloway, M. (2009). Drugswetcriminaliteit. In: M. Van Laar, M. Van Ooyen-Houben (red.). Evaluatie van het Nederlandse drugsbeleid, p. 221-266. Utrecht/Den Haag: Trimbos-instituut/WODC. Van Pareren, D., Van ‘t Klooster, B. (2006). Cocaïnegebruik in het uitgaansgebied van Eindhoven. Eindhoven: Novadic-Kentron. Van Sassenbroeck, D.K., De Neve, N., De Paepe, P., Belpaire, F.M., Verstraete, A.G., Calle, P.A., Buylaert, W.A. (2007). Abrupt awakening phenomenon associated with gamma-hydroxybutyrate use: a case series. Clinical Toxicology, 45: 533-538. Van Schooten, F.J., Godschalk, R. (2005). Passief roken: gezondheidsrisico’s. In: K. Knol, C. Hilvering, D.J.T. Wagener, M.C. Willemsen (red.). Tabaksgebruik: gevolgen en bestrijding, p. 237-246. Utrecht: Lemma. Van Veen, M. (2009). Reguliere screening infectieziekten in de verslavingszorg: rapportage. Bilthoven: RIVM. Van Velthoven, B.C.J., Moolenaar, D.E.G. (2009). Loont de SOV/ISD-maatregel Een eerste verkenning. Justitiële Verkenningen, 35(2): 31-53. Van Velzen, A.G., Van Gorcum, T.F., Van Riel, A.J.H.P., Meulenbelt, J., De Vries, I. (2009). Acute vergiftigingen bij mens en dier: jaaroverzicht 2008 Nationaal Vergiftigingen Informatie Centrum. Bilthoven: RIVM. Van Vuuren, C.L., Tielen, J.T. (2005). Quick scan uitgaandrugs en preventie: onderzoek naar alcohol- en drugsgebruik en mogelijkheden voor preventie in het uitgaansleven en sportkantines in Noordwijk. Leiden: GGD Zuid-Holland Noord. Van Weel, C., Coebergh, J.W.W., Drenthen, T., Schippers, G.M., Van Spiegel, P.I., Anderson, P.D., Van Bladeren, F.A.v., Van Veenendaal, H.v. (2005). Richtlijn ‘Behandeling van tabaksverslaving’. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, 149(1): 17-21. Van Zundert, R.M.P., Engels, R.C.M.E., Delsing, M.J.M.H. (2004). Alcoholgebruik van scholieren in het voortgezet speciaal onderwijs: de rol van ouderlijk alcoholgebruik en opvoeding. Gedrag en gezondheid: tijdschrift voor psychologie en gezondheid, 32(5): 326-343. Verdonk-Kleinjan, W.M.I., Knibbe, R.A., Bieleman, B., De Groot, H.N., De Vries, H. (2008). The tobacco sales ban and tobacco purchases by adolescents: a general population study in The Netherlands. European Journal of Public Health. Verdurmen, J., Monshouwer, K., Van Dorsselaer, S. (2003). Bovenmatig drinken in Nederland: uitkomsten van de ‘Netherlands mental health survey and incidence study’ [Nemesis]. Utrecht: Bureau NDM. References 267
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Netherlands National Drug Monitor N
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Colophon Project Manager Dr. M.W. v
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Preface This is already the tenth A
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5.4 Problem Use 113 5.5 Usage: Inte
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List of abreviations and acronyms 2
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NEMESIS NFU NIGZ NMG NPO NRI NVIC N
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Summary Below is an outline of the
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The number of hospital admissions c
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GHB. In 2008/2009 4.6 percent of fr
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Deaths In the Netherlands, smoking
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Offences by drug users Drug users c
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Opiates Ecstasy Amphetamine Alcohol
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1 Introduction The National Drug Mo
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use, particularly cannabis, under-r
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information is available, this is b
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2 Cannabis Cannabis (Cannabis Sativ
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Figure 2.1 Cannabis users in the Ne
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Figure 2.2 Cannabis use among secon
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Cannabis and problem behaviour •
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Table 2.4 Cannabis use among pupils
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Table 2.5 Current cannabis use in s
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• The sharp increase in treatment
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Trends It is difficult to determine
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• The role of cannabis in all req
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- misuse or dependence on alcohol a
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At the Ambulance Transport Centre (
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• So far, epidemiological studies
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Quality and price The Trimbos Insti
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3 Cocaine Cocaine works as a stimul
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Age, gender and urbanisation level
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Special groups In certain groups of
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Table 3.3 Cocaine use in special gr
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and 7.7% in the U.K (England and Wa
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Table 3.5 Cocaine use among school-
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Figure 3.2 Number of (outpatient) a
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Figure 3.4 Admissions to general ho
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The Netherlands Cause-of-Death stat
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• Little is known as yet about a
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4.2 Usage: general population Heroi
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• In the province of Gelderland,
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Figure 4.1 Estimates of the number
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and syringes exchanged has been reg
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• Between 2001 and 2004 the numbe
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- misuse of or dependence on alcoho
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same time it should be noted that t
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International comparison The Europe
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The total number of chronic hepatit
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• It is thought that risk behavio
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the ICD-9 classification. Drug deat
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Amsterdam GGD Amsterdam reports the
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Figure 4.9 Number of drug-induced d
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• Pupils attending REC-4 schools
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5.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
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• In 2008, key observers in Amste
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Table 5.3 Use of Ecstasy and amphet
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Table 5.4a Use of amphetamines and
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Table 5.5a Ecstasy use among school
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Ecstasy • The number of (outpatie
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Figure 5.3 Numbers registered with
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• The same person may be admitted
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• The number of requests for info
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According to the EMCDDA, in other E
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Figure 5.6 Concentration of MDMA in
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Table 5.9 Number of samples contain
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• Consumers who had drug samples
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6.2 Usage: general population The r
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GHB use is more common among juveni
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• GHB use among school-goers is l
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Table 6.4 GHB incidents registered
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• Of the liquid samples sold as G
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• Total deaths from alcohol-relat
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Figure 7.1 Alcohol consumption amon
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Ethnic background • Among seconda
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Table 7.3 Percentage of current dri
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Table 7.4 Alcohol use in the social
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Holiday-makers • Research conduct
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Figure 7.3 Heavy drinkers by gender
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The countries with the lowest perce
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• In France it is more likely tha
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Figure 7.6 Age distribution of prim
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• In 2008, 337 day-care admission
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• In approximately 1,200 admissio
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Table 7.9 Estimated number of injur
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• On the basis of current researc
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Figure 7.10 Deaths from alcohol use
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• EU member states have different
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• Surveys by the Continuous Surve
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Figure 8.1 Percentage of smokers in
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8.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
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Special education Table 8.3 shows t
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Table 8.4 Smokers in the EU-15 plus
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medication, Champix ® , which was
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among passive smoking men, the elev
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Table 8.6 Deaths from lung cancer a
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Since 1 January 2003 it is no longe
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Table 8.8 Cigarette prices and taxe
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eported. These refer to 2007 in the
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Table 9.1 Criminal investigations i
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Table 9.2 Number of dismantled prod
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Table 9.3 Characteristics of suspec
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Figure 9.2 Number of Opium Act case
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Table 9.5 Opium Act cases as a perc
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Disposals by the courts (in the fir
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• Financial orders (Public Prosec
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Table 9.9 Prevalence of new crimina
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10.2 Drug use among offenders Drug-
Page 217 and 218: • In some two-thirds of cases opi
Page 219 and 220: I, II Table 10.2 Number of times th
Page 221 and 222: • The ISD has a capacity of 1,000
Page 223 and 224: • Although there are some female
Page 225 and 226: Clinical admission Admission to a h
Page 227 and 228: Mellow Type of music at raves that
Page 229 and 230: Secondary diagnosis A secondary or
Page 231 and 232: Dismissal on policy grounds Decisio
Page 233 and 234: eintegration and rehabilitation of
Page 235 and 236: I. Use and problem use Source Targe
Page 237 and 238: II. Treatment demand and treatment
Page 239 and 240: IV. Market information Source Targe
Page 241 and 242: Source Target group/subject Sources
Page 244 and 245: Appendix C Explanation of ICD-9 and
Page 246 and 247: Appendix D Websites in the area of
Page 248 and 249: Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sp
Page 250: Appendix E Drug use in a number of
Page 254 and 255: References Adlaf, E.M., Korf, D.J.,
Page 256 and 257: Coumans, A.M. (2005). Survival on t
Page 258 and 259: Ganpat, S., Wits, E., Schoenmakers,
Page 260 and 261: Knibbe, R.A., Joosten, J., Derickx,
Page 262 and 263: Monshouwer, K., Smit, F., De Graaf,
Page 264 and 265: Rigter, H., Van Laar, M. (2002). Ep
Page 266 and 267: Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal (2
Page 270: In the Netherlands various monitori
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