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etween the monthly decline in 2008 in the amphetamine content of the speed samples and a rise in the concentration of caffeine. During the course of 2009 it appears that these trends will return to the level of early 2008 (Figure 5.7). • In 2008, 4-fluoramphetamine was found on three occasions in samples sold as speed. This compares to 60 occasions in the first half of 2009. Figure 5.7 Decline in the concentration of amphetamine in speed samples; rise in caffeine content during 2008 to mid-2009. 70 % 60 50 40 30 20 10 Jan-08 Feb-08 Mar-08 Apr-08 May-08 Jun-08 Jul-08 Aug-08 Sep-08 Oct-08 Nov-08 Dec-08 Jan-09 Feb-09 Mar-09 Apr-09 May-09 Jun-09 caffeine amphetamine Trends in amphetamine content and the mixing agent, caffeine, in speed samples. Data show monthly trend from early 2008 through mid- 2009.Source: DIMS, Trimbos Institute. Prices The national Trendwatch Monitor the Antenna Monitor and the DIMS project give some indication of the price paid by consumers for an Ecstasy tablet or a gram of amphetamine. Amphetamine • According to key observers in the social scene, young revellers paid €7.50 on average in 2006/2007 for a gram of amphetamine; however, the prices ranged from 2 to 15 euro per gram. In Amsterdam the average price was higher, at between 10 and 20 euro. This may be related to the small and relatively inaccessible market for speed in Amsterdam. In 2008, the price paid in Amsterdam for a gram of amphetamine varied from 5 to 25 euro, with most users paying between 10 and 15 euro (Nabben et al., 2007a, 2008; Benschop et al., 2009). 5 Ecstasy, amphetamine and related substances 131
• Consumers who had drug samples tested with DIMS in 2008 and 2009 paid between 2 and 20 euro per gram of amphetamine (average 6 euro), which was about the same as in 2007 (Van Dijk, 2009). Ecstasy • According to key observers in the social scene, the price of Ecstasy in 2006/2007varied between 2 and five euro per tablet. This is less than in 2004/2005, when it was between 3 and 8 euro per tablet). The price drops according as quantities purchased increase, and rises for higher concentrations of the active substance. However, in clubs, dealers charge 10 euro per tablet (Nabben et al., 2007a, 2008). • The average price paid by clubbers in Amsterdam for Ecstasy declined from €5.50 in 2003 to €3.60 per pill in 2008. In 2008, the average price of an Ecstasy pill from a mobile phone dealer and a home dealer was cheaper than when purchased in the social scene (€2.7 compared to €3.3) (Benschop et al., 2009). • In 2008 in Amsterdam, an association was found between the price per Ecstasy pill (origin unknown) on the one hand, and the number purchased per transaction and the purity on the other hand (the higher the MDMA concentration, the more expensive the tablets) (Benschop et al., 2009). • Consumers who had Ecstasy tablets tested with DIMS in 2008 paid an average of €2.50 per pill in 2008, and in the first half of 2009 they paid an average of 3 euro, ranging from 1 euro to 10 euro per tablet. In 2006 and 2007 the average price of an Ecstasy tablet was around 3 euro (Van Dijk, 2009). 132 Netherlands National Drug Monitor - NDM Annual Report 2009
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Netherlands National Drug Monitor N
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Colophon Project Manager Dr. M.W. v
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Preface This is already the tenth A
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5.4 Problem Use 113 5.5 Usage: Inte
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List of abreviations and acronyms 2
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NEMESIS NFU NIGZ NMG NPO NRI NVIC N
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Summary Below is an outline of the
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The number of hospital admissions c
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GHB. In 2008/2009 4.6 percent of fr
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Deaths In the Netherlands, smoking
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Offences by drug users Drug users c
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Opiates Ecstasy Amphetamine Alcohol
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1 Introduction The National Drug Mo
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use, particularly cannabis, under-r
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information is available, this is b
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2 Cannabis Cannabis (Cannabis Sativ
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Figure 2.1 Cannabis users in the Ne
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Figure 2.2 Cannabis use among secon
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Cannabis and problem behaviour •
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Table 2.4 Cannabis use among pupils
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Table 2.5 Current cannabis use in s
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• The sharp increase in treatment
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Trends It is difficult to determine
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• The role of cannabis in all req
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- misuse or dependence on alcohol a
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At the Ambulance Transport Centre (
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• So far, epidemiological studies
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Quality and price The Trimbos Insti
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3 Cocaine Cocaine works as a stimul
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Age, gender and urbanisation level
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Special groups In certain groups of
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Table 3.3 Cocaine use in special gr
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and 7.7% in the U.K (England and Wa
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Table 3.5 Cocaine use among school-
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Figure 3.2 Number of (outpatient) a
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Figure 3.4 Admissions to general ho
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The Netherlands Cause-of-Death stat
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• Little is known as yet about a
Page 81 and 82: 4.2 Usage: general population Heroi
Page 83 and 84: • In the province of Gelderland,
Page 85 and 86: Figure 4.1 Estimates of the number
Page 87 and 88: and syringes exchanged has been reg
Page 89 and 90: • Between 2001 and 2004 the numbe
Page 91 and 92: - misuse of or dependence on alcoho
Page 93 and 94: same time it should be noted that t
Page 95 and 96: International comparison The Europe
Page 97 and 98: The total number of chronic hepatit
Page 99 and 100: • It is thought that risk behavio
Page 101 and 102: the ICD-9 classification. Drug deat
Page 103 and 104: Amsterdam GGD Amsterdam reports the
Page 105 and 106: Figure 4.9 Number of drug-induced d
Page 107 and 108: • Pupils attending REC-4 schools
Page 109 and 110: 5.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
Page 111 and 112: • In 2008, key observers in Amste
Page 113 and 114: Table 5.3 Use of Ecstasy and amphet
Page 115 and 116: Table 5.4a Use of amphetamines and
Page 117 and 118: Table 5.5a Ecstasy use among school
Page 119 and 120: Ecstasy • The number of (outpatie
Page 121 and 122: Figure 5.3 Numbers registered with
Page 123 and 124: • The same person may be admitted
Page 125 and 126: • The number of requests for info
Page 127 and 128: According to the EMCDDA, in other E
Page 129 and 130: Figure 5.6 Concentration of MDMA in
Page 131: Table 5.9 Number of samples contain
Page 135 and 136: 6.2 Usage: general population The r
Page 137 and 138: GHB use is more common among juveni
Page 139 and 140: • GHB use among school-goers is l
Page 141 and 142: Table 6.4 GHB incidents registered
Page 143 and 144: • Of the liquid samples sold as G
Page 145 and 146: • Total deaths from alcohol-relat
Page 147 and 148: Figure 7.1 Alcohol consumption amon
Page 149 and 150: Ethnic background • Among seconda
Page 151 and 152: Table 7.3 Percentage of current dri
Page 153 and 154: Table 7.4 Alcohol use in the social
Page 155 and 156: Holiday-makers • Research conduct
Page 157 and 158: Figure 7.3 Heavy drinkers by gender
Page 159 and 160: The countries with the lowest perce
Page 161 and 162: • In France it is more likely tha
Page 163 and 164: Figure 7.6 Age distribution of prim
Page 165 and 166: • In 2008, 337 day-care admission
Page 167 and 168: • In approximately 1,200 admissio
Page 169 and 170: Table 7.9 Estimated number of injur
Page 171 and 172: • On the basis of current researc
Page 173 and 174: Figure 7.10 Deaths from alcohol use
Page 175 and 176: • EU member states have different
Page 177 and 178: • Surveys by the Continuous Surve
Page 179 and 180: Figure 8.1 Percentage of smokers in
Page 181 and 182: 8.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
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Special education Table 8.3 shows t
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Table 8.4 Smokers in the EU-15 plus
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medication, Champix ® , which was
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among passive smoking men, the elev
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Table 8.6 Deaths from lung cancer a
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Since 1 January 2003 it is no longe
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Table 8.8 Cigarette prices and taxe
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eported. These refer to 2007 in the
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Table 9.1 Criminal investigations i
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Table 9.2 Number of dismantled prod
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Table 9.3 Characteristics of suspec
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Figure 9.2 Number of Opium Act case
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Table 9.5 Opium Act cases as a perc
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Disposals by the courts (in the fir
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• Financial orders (Public Prosec
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Table 9.9 Prevalence of new crimina
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10.2 Drug use among offenders Drug-
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• In some two-thirds of cases opi
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I, II Table 10.2 Number of times th
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• The ISD has a capacity of 1,000
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• Although there are some female
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Clinical admission Admission to a h
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Mellow Type of music at raves that
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Secondary diagnosis A secondary or
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Dismissal on policy grounds Decisio
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eintegration and rehabilitation of
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I. Use and problem use Source Targe
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II. Treatment demand and treatment
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IV. Market information Source Targe
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Source Target group/subject Sources
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Appendix C Explanation of ICD-9 and
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Appendix D Websites in the area of
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Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sp
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Appendix E Drug use in a number of
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References Adlaf, E.M., Korf, D.J.,
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Coumans, A.M. (2005). Survival on t
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Ganpat, S., Wits, E., Schoenmakers,
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Knibbe, R.A., Joosten, J., Derickx,
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Monshouwer, K., Smit, F., De Graaf,
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Rigter, H., Van Laar, M. (2002). Ep
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Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal (2
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Van Leeuwen, F.E. (1999). Epidemiol
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In the Netherlands various monitori
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