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a weekly basis); for girls the most popular drinks are alcopops/breezers (17% weekly consumption). Notably, the popularity of alcopops/breezers declined between 2003 and 2007 among both sexes. In 2003, these drinks were consumed weekly by 29% of 12 to 18 year old school-goers compared to 16% in 2007. Figure 7.2 Trends in ever alcohol use in secondary school pupils by age and gender from 1992 100 % Boys 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 1992 1996 1999 2003 2007 100 % Girls 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 1992 1996 1999 2003 2007 12 13 14 12 13 14 Percentage of ever drinkers. Source: Dutch National School Survey, Trimbos Institute. Binge Drinking • Over one in three (36%) of pupils attending secondary schools reported having recently engaged in binge drinking. This is defined as consuming at least five units of alcohol on at least one occasion during the past month. There was little difference in the percentages for boys and girls. • In the 12 to 14 age group, the percentage of binge drinkers declined between 2003 and 2007 (28% in 2003 versus 19% in 2007). Among 15 to 18 year olds, the percentage of binge drinkers in this period remained stable (56% in 2003 and 57% in 2007). • Among school-goers who drink, the percentage of binge drinkers remained stable, however, in all age categories. In 2007 and 2003, the respective percentages were 68% and 66% of all current drinkers aged 12 to 18. • Nonetheless, according to NPO data, binge drinking in the 15-24 age group declined between 2001 and 2005 – from 53% to 40%. These figures refer to people who on at least one occasion consumed six or more units of alcohol in a single day during the past half year. This definition differs somewhat from that in the HBSC study; therefore the results are not mutually comparable (Rodenburg et al., 2005). 7 Alcohol 147
Ethnic background • Among secondary school-goers with a Moroccan or Turkish background, current alcohol use is significantly lower than among native Dutch pupils (8% and 19% versus 54%). Pupils with a Surinamese or Antillean/ Aruban background occupy an intermediate position (39% and 38%) (Monshouwer et al., 2008). • The quantity taken per occasion does not, however, differ between ethnic groups (Monshouwer et al., 2008). Alcohol and problem behaviour • Pupils aged 12-16 who drink on a weekly basis exhibit more delinquent and aggressive behaviour than those who do not drink every week. There is no difference between boys and girls in this respect, but the association is stronger among the younger age groups (Verdurmen et al., 2005a). • Among juveniles of 12 and 13, weekly alcohol use is linked to somatic symptoms and feelings of anxiety and depression. Parents Parents can play an important role in the education of their child regarding alcohol. • Various studies have shown that establishing rules in relation to alcohol (forbidding alcohol use) can delay alcohol onset and reduce the likelihood of problem drinking (Van der Vorst, 2007; Vet & Van den Eijnden, 2007). • However, as children get older, many parents quickly become more tolerant. - Around a quarter of parents of juveniles aged 12 to 16 allow their adolescent to drink one glass of alcohol at home. - From around age 16 on, over half of adolescents say they are allowed to drink at home (Van Dorsselaer et al., 2007). The sentinel station survey on parents sheds more light on the awareness and assumptions of parents regarding substance use by their children. This survey also creates better insight into the measures taken by parents to prevent high-risk substance use by their children (Verdurmen et al., 2008). • In 2007, parents of secondary-school children had a good idea of whether their child was sometimes drinking. However, parents typically underestimate the amount of alcohol consumed. On average, adolescents drink three times more during the weekend than their parents believe. • The number of drinks taken by adolescents at the weekend is closely linked to the drinking behaviour of their parents. The more the parents drink, then the more the children are likely to drink as well. • Virtually all parents believe that it is harmful for the under sixteens to take one or two alcoholic drinks on a daily basis (95%), or to consume five or more drinks every weekend (95%). • Over half of parents (55%) believe it is harmful for the under sixteens to drink one or two units of alcohol every weekend, and nearly half think the opposite (45%). 148 Netherlands National Drug Monitor - NDM Annual Report 2009
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Netherlands National Drug Monitor N
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Colophon Project Manager Dr. M.W. v
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Preface This is already the tenth A
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5.4 Problem Use 113 5.5 Usage: Inte
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List of abreviations and acronyms 2
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NEMESIS NFU NIGZ NMG NPO NRI NVIC N
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Summary Below is an outline of the
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The number of hospital admissions c
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GHB. In 2008/2009 4.6 percent of fr
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Deaths In the Netherlands, smoking
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Offences by drug users Drug users c
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Opiates Ecstasy Amphetamine Alcohol
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1 Introduction The National Drug Mo
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use, particularly cannabis, under-r
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information is available, this is b
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2 Cannabis Cannabis (Cannabis Sativ
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Figure 2.1 Cannabis users in the Ne
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Figure 2.2 Cannabis use among secon
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Cannabis and problem behaviour •
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Table 2.4 Cannabis use among pupils
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Table 2.5 Current cannabis use in s
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• The sharp increase in treatment
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Trends It is difficult to determine
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• The role of cannabis in all req
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- misuse or dependence on alcohol a
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At the Ambulance Transport Centre (
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• So far, epidemiological studies
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Quality and price The Trimbos Insti
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3 Cocaine Cocaine works as a stimul
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Age, gender and urbanisation level
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Special groups In certain groups of
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Table 3.3 Cocaine use in special gr
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and 7.7% in the U.K (England and Wa
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Table 3.5 Cocaine use among school-
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Figure 3.2 Number of (outpatient) a
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Figure 3.4 Admissions to general ho
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The Netherlands Cause-of-Death stat
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• Little is known as yet about a
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4.2 Usage: general population Heroi
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• In the province of Gelderland,
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Figure 4.1 Estimates of the number
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and syringes exchanged has been reg
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• Between 2001 and 2004 the numbe
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- misuse of or dependence on alcoho
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same time it should be noted that t
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International comparison The Europe
Page 97 and 98: The total number of chronic hepatit
Page 99 and 100: • It is thought that risk behavio
Page 101 and 102: the ICD-9 classification. Drug deat
Page 103 and 104: Amsterdam GGD Amsterdam reports the
Page 105 and 106: Figure 4.9 Number of drug-induced d
Page 107 and 108: • Pupils attending REC-4 schools
Page 109 and 110: 5.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
Page 111 and 112: • In 2008, key observers in Amste
Page 113 and 114: Table 5.3 Use of Ecstasy and amphet
Page 115 and 116: Table 5.4a Use of amphetamines and
Page 117 and 118: Table 5.5a Ecstasy use among school
Page 119 and 120: Ecstasy • The number of (outpatie
Page 121 and 122: Figure 5.3 Numbers registered with
Page 123 and 124: • The same person may be admitted
Page 125 and 126: • The number of requests for info
Page 127 and 128: According to the EMCDDA, in other E
Page 129 and 130: Figure 5.6 Concentration of MDMA in
Page 131 and 132: Table 5.9 Number of samples contain
Page 133 and 134: • Consumers who had drug samples
Page 135 and 136: 6.2 Usage: general population The r
Page 137 and 138: GHB use is more common among juveni
Page 139 and 140: • GHB use among school-goers is l
Page 141 and 142: Table 6.4 GHB incidents registered
Page 143 and 144: • Of the liquid samples sold as G
Page 145 and 146: • Total deaths from alcohol-relat
Page 147: Figure 7.1 Alcohol consumption amon
Page 151 and 152: Table 7.3 Percentage of current dri
Page 153 and 154: Table 7.4 Alcohol use in the social
Page 155 and 156: Holiday-makers • Research conduct
Page 157 and 158: Figure 7.3 Heavy drinkers by gender
Page 159 and 160: The countries with the lowest perce
Page 161 and 162: • In France it is more likely tha
Page 163 and 164: Figure 7.6 Age distribution of prim
Page 165 and 166: • In 2008, 337 day-care admission
Page 167 and 168: • In approximately 1,200 admissio
Page 169 and 170: Table 7.9 Estimated number of injur
Page 171 and 172: • On the basis of current researc
Page 173 and 174: Figure 7.10 Deaths from alcohol use
Page 175 and 176: • EU member states have different
Page 177 and 178: • Surveys by the Continuous Surve
Page 179 and 180: Figure 8.1 Percentage of smokers in
Page 181 and 182: 8.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
Page 183 and 184: Special education Table 8.3 shows t
Page 185 and 186: Table 8.4 Smokers in the EU-15 plus
Page 187 and 188: medication, Champix ® , which was
Page 189 and 190: among passive smoking men, the elev
Page 191 and 192: Table 8.6 Deaths from lung cancer a
Page 193 and 194: Since 1 January 2003 it is no longe
Page 195 and 196: Table 8.8 Cigarette prices and taxe
Page 197 and 198: eported. These refer to 2007 in the
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Table 9.1 Criminal investigations i
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Table 9.2 Number of dismantled prod
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Table 9.3 Characteristics of suspec
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Figure 9.2 Number of Opium Act case
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Table 9.5 Opium Act cases as a perc
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Disposals by the courts (in the fir
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• Financial orders (Public Prosec
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Table 9.9 Prevalence of new crimina
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10.2 Drug use among offenders Drug-
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• In some two-thirds of cases opi
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I, II Table 10.2 Number of times th
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• The ISD has a capacity of 1,000
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• Although there are some female
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Clinical admission Admission to a h
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Mellow Type of music at raves that
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Secondary diagnosis A secondary or
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Dismissal on policy grounds Decisio
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eintegration and rehabilitation of
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I. Use and problem use Source Targe
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II. Treatment demand and treatment
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IV. Market information Source Targe
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Source Target group/subject Sources
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Appendix C Explanation of ICD-9 and
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Appendix D Websites in the area of
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Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sp
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Appendix E Drug use in a number of
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References Adlaf, E.M., Korf, D.J.,
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Coumans, A.M. (2005). Survival on t
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Ganpat, S., Wits, E., Schoenmakers,
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Knibbe, R.A., Joosten, J., Derickx,
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Monshouwer, K., Smit, F., De Graaf,
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Rigter, H., Van Laar, M. (2002). Ep
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Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal (2
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Van Leeuwen, F.E. (1999). Epidemiol
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In the Netherlands various monitori
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