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Rigter, H., Van Laar, M. (2002). Epidemiological aspects of cannabis use. In: I.P. Spruit (red.). Cannabis 2002 report : a joint international effort at the initiative of the Ministers of Public Health of Belgium, France, Germany, The Netherlands, Switserland : technical report of the International Scientific Conference Brussels, Belgium, 25-02-2002, p. 19-45. Brussels, Belgium: Ministry of Public Health. Rodenburg, G., Spijkerman, R., Van den Eijnden, R., Van de Mheen, D. (2007). Nationaal prevalentieonderzoek middelengebruik 2005. Rotterdam: IVO. Rogers, G., Elston, J., Garside, R., Roome, C., Taylor, R., Younger, P., Zawada, A., Somerville, M. (2009). The harmful health effects of recreational ecstasy: a systematic review of observational evidence. Health Technology Assessment, 13(6). Room, R., Babor, T., Rehm, J. (2005). Alcohol and public health. Lancet, 365 (9458): 519-530. Roomer, A., Poelmans, I. (2006). Tendens 2005-2006: alcohol- en drugsgebruik bij jongeren en jongvolwassenen in Gelderland. Arnhem: De Grift. SAMHSA 2009. Results from the 2008 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings. Rockville, MD: Office of Applied Studies. SAR (2010). Gezondheidseffecten van matige alcoholconsumptie: resultaten van 30 jaar wetenschappelijk onderzoek . Den Haag: SAR. Schaafsma, J. (2008). Jeugd aan de speed. De Telegraaf, 116 (vrijdag 11 januari 2008 no. 37454): 1. Scheenstra, R.J., Van Buren, M., Koopman, J.P. (2007). Een patiënt met neusseptumdestructie door cocaïne en antistoffen tegen cytoplastische antigenen van neutrofiele granulocyten (ANCA); mogelijke verwarring met de ziekte van Wegener. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, 151(43): 2395-2399. Schilt, T. (2009). Thinking of Ecstasy: neuropsychological aspects of ecstasy use. Amsterdam: Unversiteit van Amsterdam. Schoenmakers, T.M., Baars, J., Van de Mheen, D. (2009a). Schatting van het aantal problematisch harddruggebruikers in Rotterdam voor 2008. Rotterdam: IVO. Schoenmakers, T.M., Baars, J., Van de Mheen, D. (2009b). Schatting van het aantal problematisch harddruggebruikers in Den Haag voor 2008. Rotterdam: IVO. Segaar, D. (2006). Adoption and implementation of smoking cessation support in health care. Maasticht: Universiteit Maastricht. Single, E., Ashley, M.J., Bondy, S., Rankin, J., Rehm, J. (1999). Evidence regarding the level of alcohol consumption considered to be low-risk for men and women. Canberra: National Health and Medical Research Council. Snippe, J., Hoogeveen, C., Bieleman, B. (2000). Monitor drugproblematiek justitie, definitiestudie en ontwikkeltraject. Groningen: Intraval. Staatscourant (2000). Aanwijzing Opiumwet (27 december 2000 nr. 250, 2000A019). Den Haag: Sdu Uitgevers. Staatscourant (2008). Instellingsbesluit Task Force Aanpak Georganiseerde Hennepteelt (28 januari 2008 nr. 171, p. 10). Den Haag: Sdu Uitgevers. STAP (2009a). Alcoholmarketing via internet. Utrecht: STAP, Nederlands Instituut voor Alcoholbeleid. References 263
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Netherlands National Drug Monitor N
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Colophon Project Manager Dr. M.W. v
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Preface This is already the tenth A
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5.4 Problem Use 113 5.5 Usage: Inte
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List of abreviations and acronyms 2
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NEMESIS NFU NIGZ NMG NPO NRI NVIC N
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Summary Below is an outline of the
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The number of hospital admissions c
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GHB. In 2008/2009 4.6 percent of fr
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Deaths In the Netherlands, smoking
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Offences by drug users Drug users c
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Opiates Ecstasy Amphetamine Alcohol
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1 Introduction The National Drug Mo
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use, particularly cannabis, under-r
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information is available, this is b
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2 Cannabis Cannabis (Cannabis Sativ
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Figure 2.1 Cannabis users in the Ne
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Figure 2.2 Cannabis use among secon
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Cannabis and problem behaviour •
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Table 2.4 Cannabis use among pupils
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Table 2.5 Current cannabis use in s
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• The sharp increase in treatment
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Trends It is difficult to determine
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• The role of cannabis in all req
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- misuse or dependence on alcohol a
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At the Ambulance Transport Centre (
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• So far, epidemiological studies
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Quality and price The Trimbos Insti
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3 Cocaine Cocaine works as a stimul
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Age, gender and urbanisation level
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Special groups In certain groups of
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Table 3.3 Cocaine use in special gr
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and 7.7% in the U.K (England and Wa
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Table 3.5 Cocaine use among school-
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Figure 3.2 Number of (outpatient) a
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Figure 3.4 Admissions to general ho
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The Netherlands Cause-of-Death stat
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• Little is known as yet about a
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4.2 Usage: general population Heroi
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• In the province of Gelderland,
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Figure 4.1 Estimates of the number
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and syringes exchanged has been reg
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• Between 2001 and 2004 the numbe
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- misuse of or dependence on alcoho
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same time it should be noted that t
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International comparison The Europe
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The total number of chronic hepatit
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• It is thought that risk behavio
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the ICD-9 classification. Drug deat
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Amsterdam GGD Amsterdam reports the
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Figure 4.9 Number of drug-induced d
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• Pupils attending REC-4 schools
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5.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
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• In 2008, key observers in Amste
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Table 5.3 Use of Ecstasy and amphet
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Table 5.4a Use of amphetamines and
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Table 5.5a Ecstasy use among school
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Ecstasy • The number of (outpatie
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Figure 5.3 Numbers registered with
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• The same person may be admitted
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• The number of requests for info
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According to the EMCDDA, in other E
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Figure 5.6 Concentration of MDMA in
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Table 5.9 Number of samples contain
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• Consumers who had drug samples
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6.2 Usage: general population The r
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GHB use is more common among juveni
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• GHB use among school-goers is l
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Table 6.4 GHB incidents registered
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• Of the liquid samples sold as G
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• Total deaths from alcohol-relat
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Figure 7.1 Alcohol consumption amon
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Ethnic background • Among seconda
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Table 7.3 Percentage of current dri
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Table 7.4 Alcohol use in the social
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Holiday-makers • Research conduct
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Figure 7.3 Heavy drinkers by gender
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The countries with the lowest perce
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• In France it is more likely tha
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Figure 7.6 Age distribution of prim
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• In 2008, 337 day-care admission
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• In approximately 1,200 admissio
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Table 7.9 Estimated number of injur
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• On the basis of current researc
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Figure 7.10 Deaths from alcohol use
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• EU member states have different
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• Surveys by the Continuous Surve
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Figure 8.1 Percentage of smokers in
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8.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
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Special education Table 8.3 shows t
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Table 8.4 Smokers in the EU-15 plus
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medication, Champix ® , which was
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among passive smoking men, the elev
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Table 8.6 Deaths from lung cancer a
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Since 1 January 2003 it is no longe
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Table 8.8 Cigarette prices and taxe
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eported. These refer to 2007 in the
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Table 9.1 Criminal investigations i
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Table 9.2 Number of dismantled prod
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Table 9.3 Characteristics of suspec
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Figure 9.2 Number of Opium Act case
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Table 9.5 Opium Act cases as a perc
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Disposals by the courts (in the fir
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• Financial orders (Public Prosec
Page 213 and 214: Table 9.9 Prevalence of new crimina
Page 215 and 216: 10.2 Drug use among offenders Drug-
Page 217 and 218: • In some two-thirds of cases opi
Page 219 and 220: I, II Table 10.2 Number of times th
Page 221 and 222: • The ISD has a capacity of 1,000
Page 223 and 224: • Although there are some female
Page 225 and 226: Clinical admission Admission to a h
Page 227 and 228: Mellow Type of music at raves that
Page 229 and 230: Secondary diagnosis A secondary or
Page 231 and 232: Dismissal on policy grounds Decisio
Page 233 and 234: eintegration and rehabilitation of
Page 235 and 236: I. Use and problem use Source Targe
Page 237 and 238: II. Treatment demand and treatment
Page 239 and 240: IV. Market information Source Targe
Page 241 and 242: Source Target group/subject Sources
Page 244 and 245: Appendix C Explanation of ICD-9 and
Page 246 and 247: Appendix D Websites in the area of
Page 248 and 249: Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sp
Page 250: Appendix E Drug use in a number of
Page 254 and 255: References Adlaf, E.M., Korf, D.J.,
Page 256 and 257: Coumans, A.M. (2005). Survival on t
Page 258 and 259: Ganpat, S., Wits, E., Schoenmakers,
Page 260 and 261: Knibbe, R.A., Joosten, J., Derickx,
Page 262 and 263: Monshouwer, K., Smit, F., De Graaf,
Page 266 and 267: Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal (2
Page 268 and 269: Van Leeuwen, F.E. (1999). Epidemiol
Page 270: In the Netherlands various monitori
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