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Ganpat, S., Wits, E., Schoenmakers, T., Greeven, P. (2009). Problematiek en zorgbehoefte van gedetineerden met een ISD-maatregel in JI Vught. Rotterdam: IVO. Gezondheidsraad (2005). Risico’s van alcoholgebruik bij conceptie, zwangerschap en borstvoeding. Den Haag: Gezondheidsraad. Gezondheidsraad (2006). Richtlijnen gezonde voeding 2006. Den Haag: Gezondheidsraad. Gielkens-Sijstermans, C.M., Mommers, M.A., Hoogenveen, R.T., Feenstra, T.L., De Vreede, J., Bovens, F.M., Van Schayck, O.C. (2009). Reduction of smoking in Dutch adolescents over the past decade and its health gains: a repeated crosssectional study. The European Journal of Public Health. Goderie, M. (2009). Problematiek en hulpvragen van stelselmatige daders. Utrecht: Verwey-Jonker Instituut. Goderie, M., Lünneman, K. (2009). De maatregel Inrichting voor Stelselmatige Daders, procesevaluatie. Utrecht: Verwey-Jonker Instituut. Gonzalez, A., Nutt, D.J. (2005). Gamma hydroxy butyrate abuse and dependency. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 19(2): 195-204. Gras, L., Van Sighem, A., Smit, C., Zaheri, S., Schuitemaker, H., De Wolf, F. (2007). Monitoring of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection in the Netherlands: report 2007. Amsterdam: Stichting HIV Monitoring. Grund, J.P., Reinerie, P., Smits, M., Albert, G. (2007). Uitgaan en genotmiddelengebruik in Den Haag: gegevens over 2006-2007 uit de panelstudie. Epidemiologisch Bulletin, 42 (4): 2-10. Hall, W., Pacula, R.L. (2003). Cannabis use and dependence: public health and public policy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Heale, P., Chikritzhs, T., Jonas, H., Stockwell, T., Dietze, P. (2002). Estimated alcoholcaused deaths in Australia, 1990-97. Drug and Alcohol Review, 21: 121-129. Hibell, B., Andersson, B., Bjarnason, T. (2000). The 1999 ESPAD Report: European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD): alcohol and other drug use among students in 30 European countries. Stockholm: CAN. Hibell, B., Andersson, B., Bjarnason, T., Ahlström, S., Balakireva, O., Kokkevi, A., Morgan, M. (2004). The ESPAD report 2003: alcohol and other drug use among students in 35 european countries. Stockholm: CAN. Hibell, B., Guttormsson, U., Ahlström, S., Balakireva, O., Bjarnason, T., Kokkevi, A., Kraus, L. (2009). The 2007 ESPAD report: substance use among students in 35 European countries. Stockholm: CAN. Hofhuis, W., Merkus, P.J.F.M. (2005). Passief roken: schadelijke effecten bij kinderen. In: K. Knol, C. Hilvering, D.J.T. Wagener, M.C. Willemsen (red.). Tabaksgebruik: gevolgen en bestrijding, p. 246-254. Utrecht: Lemma. Hoofdbedrijfschap Detailhandel (2009). Tabaks- en gemakszaken: bestedingen en marktaandelen [website]. Den Haag: HDB. Hoogenboezem, G., Baas, I., De Gee, A., Vossenberg, P. (2008a). Heroïnegebruikers en infectieziekten: risicogedrag en gezondheid onder gemarginaliseerde heroïnegebruikers in Nederland. Utrecht: Trimbos-instituut. References 257
Hoogenboezem, G., Ensdorff, J., Croes, E. (2008b). Basecoke en infectieziekten: risicogedrag en gezondheid onder gemarginaliseerde basecokegebruikers in Nederland. Utrecht: Trimbos-instituut. IMS Health (2009). Antirook-Trimbos 14-08-2009 [spreadsheet]. Den Haag: IMS Health. Intraval (2009). Factsheet monitor naleving rookvrije werkplek 2008. Groningen: Intraval. Inspectie voor de Sanctietoepassing (2008). Aansluiting nazorg in het gevangeniswezen: themarapport. Den Haag: Ministerie van Justitie/ISt. IVZ (2009). LADIS nieuwsflits kerncijfers 2008: hulpvraag in Nederland. Houten: Stichting IVZ. Jager, G. (2006). Functional MRI studies in human ecstasy and cannabis users. Utrecht: Universiteit Utrecht. Jans, N. (2006). Kroegtijgers & damlopers: een onderzoek naar alcohol- en drugsgebruik, veiligheid en mogelijkheden voor preventie in het uitgaansleven van Zaandam. Zaandam: GGD Zaanstreek-Waterland. Jones, A.W., Eklund, A., Kronstrand, R. (2009). Concentration-time profiles of gammahydroxybutyrate in blood after recreational doses are best described by zero-order rather than first-order kinetics. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 33: 332-335. Kalechstein, A.D., De La Garza, R., Mahoney, J.J., Fantegrossi, W.E., Newton, T.F. (2007). MDMA use and neurocognition: a meta-analytic review. Psychopharmacology, 189(4): 531-537. Kawachi, I. (2005). More evidence on the risks of passive smoking. BMJ, 330(7486): 265-266. Kepper, A., Van Dorsselaer, S., Monshouwer, K., Vollebergh, W. (2009). Experimenteel en problematisch genotmiddelengebruik door jongeren in het Speciaal Onderwijs en de Residentiële Jeugdzorg (EXPLORE): resultaten meting oktober - december 2008. Utrecht: Trimbos-instituut. Kessler, R.C., McGonagle, K.A., Zhao, S., Nelson, C.B., Hughes, M., Eshleman, S., Wittchen, H.U., Kendler, K.S. (1994). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51(1): 8-19. Kessler, R.C., Üstün, T.B. (2008). The WHO world mental health surveys: global perspectives on the epidemiology of mental disorders. New York: Cambridge University Press. KLPD-Dienst IPOL (2008). Drugsinbeslagnemingen en drugsprijzen: Nederland - 2007. Zoetermeer: KLPD-Dienst IPOL. KLPD-Dienst IPOL (2009). Drugsinbeslagnemingen en drugsprijzen: Nederland - 2008. Zoetermeer: KLPD-Dienst IPOL. Knibbe, R.A., Joosten, A., Choquet, M., Derickx, M., Morin, D., Monshouwer, K. (2007). Culture as an explanation for substance-related problems: A crossnational study among French and Dutch adolescents. Social Science & Medicine, 64: 604-616. 258 Netherlands National Drug Monitor - NDM Annual Report 2009
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Netherlands National Drug Monitor N
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Colophon Project Manager Dr. M.W. v
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Preface This is already the tenth A
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5.4 Problem Use 113 5.5 Usage: Inte
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List of abreviations and acronyms 2
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NEMESIS NFU NIGZ NMG NPO NRI NVIC N
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Summary Below is an outline of the
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The number of hospital admissions c
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GHB. In 2008/2009 4.6 percent of fr
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Deaths In the Netherlands, smoking
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Offences by drug users Drug users c
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Opiates Ecstasy Amphetamine Alcohol
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1 Introduction The National Drug Mo
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use, particularly cannabis, under-r
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information is available, this is b
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2 Cannabis Cannabis (Cannabis Sativ
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Figure 2.1 Cannabis users in the Ne
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Figure 2.2 Cannabis use among secon
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Cannabis and problem behaviour •
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Table 2.4 Cannabis use among pupils
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Table 2.5 Current cannabis use in s
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• The sharp increase in treatment
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Trends It is difficult to determine
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• The role of cannabis in all req
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- misuse or dependence on alcohol a
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At the Ambulance Transport Centre (
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• So far, epidemiological studies
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Quality and price The Trimbos Insti
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3 Cocaine Cocaine works as a stimul
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Age, gender and urbanisation level
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Special groups In certain groups of
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Table 3.3 Cocaine use in special gr
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and 7.7% in the U.K (England and Wa
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Table 3.5 Cocaine use among school-
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Figure 3.2 Number of (outpatient) a
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Figure 3.4 Admissions to general ho
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The Netherlands Cause-of-Death stat
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• Little is known as yet about a
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4.2 Usage: general population Heroi
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• In the province of Gelderland,
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Figure 4.1 Estimates of the number
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and syringes exchanged has been reg
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• Between 2001 and 2004 the numbe
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- misuse of or dependence on alcoho
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same time it should be noted that t
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International comparison The Europe
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The total number of chronic hepatit
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• It is thought that risk behavio
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the ICD-9 classification. Drug deat
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Amsterdam GGD Amsterdam reports the
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Figure 4.9 Number of drug-induced d
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• Pupils attending REC-4 schools
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5.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
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• In 2008, key observers in Amste
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Table 5.3 Use of Ecstasy and amphet
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Table 5.4a Use of amphetamines and
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Table 5.5a Ecstasy use among school
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Ecstasy • The number of (outpatie
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Figure 5.3 Numbers registered with
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• The same person may be admitted
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• The number of requests for info
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According to the EMCDDA, in other E
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Figure 5.6 Concentration of MDMA in
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Table 5.9 Number of samples contain
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• Consumers who had drug samples
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6.2 Usage: general population The r
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GHB use is more common among juveni
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• GHB use among school-goers is l
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Table 6.4 GHB incidents registered
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• Of the liquid samples sold as G
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• Total deaths from alcohol-relat
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Figure 7.1 Alcohol consumption amon
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Ethnic background • Among seconda
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Table 7.3 Percentage of current dri
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Table 7.4 Alcohol use in the social
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Holiday-makers • Research conduct
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Figure 7.3 Heavy drinkers by gender
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The countries with the lowest perce
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• In France it is more likely tha
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Figure 7.6 Age distribution of prim
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• In 2008, 337 day-care admission
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• In approximately 1,200 admissio
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Table 7.9 Estimated number of injur
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• On the basis of current researc
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Figure 7.10 Deaths from alcohol use
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• EU member states have different
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• Surveys by the Continuous Surve
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Figure 8.1 Percentage of smokers in
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8.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
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Special education Table 8.3 shows t
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Table 8.4 Smokers in the EU-15 plus
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medication, Champix ® , which was
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among passive smoking men, the elev
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Table 8.6 Deaths from lung cancer a
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Since 1 January 2003 it is no longe
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Table 8.8 Cigarette prices and taxe
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eported. These refer to 2007 in the
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Table 9.1 Criminal investigations i
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Table 9.2 Number of dismantled prod
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Table 9.3 Characteristics of suspec
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Figure 9.2 Number of Opium Act case
Page 207 and 208: Table 9.5 Opium Act cases as a perc
Page 209 and 210: Disposals by the courts (in the fir
Page 211 and 212: • Financial orders (Public Prosec
Page 213 and 214: Table 9.9 Prevalence of new crimina
Page 215 and 216: 10.2 Drug use among offenders Drug-
Page 217 and 218: • In some two-thirds of cases opi
Page 219 and 220: I, II Table 10.2 Number of times th
Page 221 and 222: • The ISD has a capacity of 1,000
Page 223 and 224: • Although there are some female
Page 225 and 226: Clinical admission Admission to a h
Page 227 and 228: Mellow Type of music at raves that
Page 229 and 230: Secondary diagnosis A secondary or
Page 231 and 232: Dismissal on policy grounds Decisio
Page 233 and 234: eintegration and rehabilitation of
Page 235 and 236: I. Use and problem use Source Targe
Page 237 and 238: II. Treatment demand and treatment
Page 239 and 240: IV. Market information Source Targe
Page 241 and 242: Source Target group/subject Sources
Page 244 and 245: Appendix C Explanation of ICD-9 and
Page 246 and 247: Appendix D Websites in the area of
Page 248 and 249: Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sp
Page 250: Appendix E Drug use in a number of
Page 254 and 255: References Adlaf, E.M., Korf, D.J.,
Page 256 and 257: Coumans, A.M. (2005). Survival on t
Page 260 and 261: Knibbe, R.A., Joosten, J., Derickx,
Page 262 and 263: Monshouwer, K., Smit, F., De Graaf,
Page 264 and 265: Rigter, H., Van Laar, M. (2002). Ep
Page 266 and 267: Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal (2
Page 268 and 269: Van Leeuwen, F.E. (1999). Epidemiol
Page 270: In the Netherlands various monitori
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