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Hangouts In recent years there has been increasing focus on alcohol use among youngsters in ‘hangouts’. A hangout is a collective name for an informal place, such as hut or a den where young people meet up in their free time. The phenomenon of spending time in hangouts has been researched in various studies. Some of the findings are contradictory, which may be related to different definitions of hangouts and different research methods. For this reason it is currently not possible to provide an accurate estimate of the extent of alcohol consumption in hangouts. According to the national monitor on alcohol availability among youngsters in 2005, 11% of adolescents aged 13-17 sometimes go to a hangout (Bieleman et al., 2006). In the Netherlands there are estimated to be some 1 500 such hangouts (Mulder, 2005). • 8% of 13 year olds report sometimes going to a hangout, as well as 15% of 14-15 year olds and 12% of 16-17 year olds (Bieleman et al., 2006). • It is mostly older groups who drink while frequenting the hangouts. Of the 16-17 year olds who go there, 82% drink alcohol there. Of the 14-15 year olds and 13 year olds, 65% and 26% respectively report drinking alcohol in these dens. • On average, five alcoholic drinks are consumed. The 2005 HBSC study – also a national study - found much higher figures for hangouts. According to this study, 40% of juveniles aged twelve to sixteen had frequented a hangout in the past month. A third of these reported having drunk alcohol there (Van Dorsselaer et al., 2007). • Young people in rural areas are more likely to visit a hangout. Around one third of city juveniles sometimes go to a hangout, compared to over half of village youth. • In cities, 22% of juveniles say they drink alcohol in a hangout, compared to 41% in the villages. In a recent study (2007) of hangouts in the region of Twente, 30% of fourth year students (average age 15.8 years) reported having sometimes visited a hangout (Korte, 2008). • Most of those who frequent a hangout are attending a VMBO lower secondary school (36%), followed by HAVO middle secondary school (25%) and VWO higher secondary school (20%) • Youngsters who go to hangouts consume more alcohol than those who don’t – even after correcting for gender and education level. Hangout frequenters consume on average 15 alcohol units per week, compared to seven for those who do not go to hangouts. • On a typical hangout evening in the weekend, young people take an average of nine alcoholic drinks. 7 Alcohol 153
Holiday-makers • Research conducted at youth camp sites in 2003 (average age 17.4), has shown that over 80% of the boys and nearly half the girls drink alcohol every day during the holiday. Boys consume an average of 17 drinks per day, and girls take seven drinks a day (De Graaf & Poort, 2004). Problem Youth Alcohol use is often common among certain groups of problem youth. • Juveniles attending a truancy project in Amsterdam are more likely to be current drinkers (over 50%) than their non-truant peers who attend school regularly (40%) (Korf et al., 2004a). • Pupils attending schools for children with severe educational difficulties (ZMOK) do not differ significantly in terms of frequency and intensity of alcohol use from their peers in mainstream schools. However, when only the native Dutch pupils are compared, the ZMOK school pupils do drink more and more often (Van Zundert et al., 2004). • Research conducted among young people in care in Amsterdam (age 14-25); average age 17.5) shows that 54 percent consumed alcohol during the past month (current drinkers) (Nabben et al., 2007a). - The vast majority of the current drinkers only drink occasionally (86%); a mere 2% consume alcohol on a daily basis. - The current drinkers take five drinks on each occasion, on average. - Six percent of those in Amsterdam youth care meet the definition for risk drinking. This is defined as consuming at least four drinks per session daily or several times a week (up to age 19) or five drinks per occasion (young people over 19). - The above data on the proportion of current drinkers, the average number of drinks and risk drinking among young people in the Amsterdam youth care are similar to the findings from an earlier study conducted among school-goers in Amsterdam. - Girls and boys in care in Amsterdam are equally likely to be current drinkers, drink the same amount per session and are equally likely to be risk drinkers. - Differences were however found between boys of western and non-western origin. Among those of western origin, the percentage of current drinkers (74%) and risk drinkers (12%) is much higher than among non-western boys (46% and 3% respectively). When they drink, however, both groups consume the same number of units per occasion. - Juvenile delinquents are less often current drinkers (40%) than juveniles with behaviour problems (59%) or homeless youth (61%). • In 2008 a nationwide survey on alcohol use was conducted among juveniles aged 12 to 16 in residential care (Kepper et al., 2009). The percentage of ever drinkers among 12 to 13 year olds, 14 to 15 year olds and among 16 year olds was 73, 95 and 96 percent, respectively. For current drinkers in these age groups, the percentages were 31, 67 and 72, respectively. 49% of current drinkers aged 14 and 15 had been drunk in the past month, and 53% of the 16 year olds. 81% and 82% in both these groups respectively had engaged in binge drinking in the past month (five or more drinks).. 154 Netherlands National Drug Monitor - NDM Annual Report 2009
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Netherlands National Drug Monitor N
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Colophon Project Manager Dr. M.W. v
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Preface This is already the tenth A
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5.4 Problem Use 113 5.5 Usage: Inte
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List of abreviations and acronyms 2
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NEMESIS NFU NIGZ NMG NPO NRI NVIC N
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Summary Below is an outline of the
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The number of hospital admissions c
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GHB. In 2008/2009 4.6 percent of fr
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Deaths In the Netherlands, smoking
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Offences by drug users Drug users c
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Opiates Ecstasy Amphetamine Alcohol
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1 Introduction The National Drug Mo
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use, particularly cannabis, under-r
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information is available, this is b
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2 Cannabis Cannabis (Cannabis Sativ
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Figure 2.1 Cannabis users in the Ne
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Figure 2.2 Cannabis use among secon
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Cannabis and problem behaviour •
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Table 2.4 Cannabis use among pupils
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Table 2.5 Current cannabis use in s
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• The sharp increase in treatment
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Trends It is difficult to determine
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• The role of cannabis in all req
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- misuse or dependence on alcohol a
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At the Ambulance Transport Centre (
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• So far, epidemiological studies
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Quality and price The Trimbos Insti
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3 Cocaine Cocaine works as a stimul
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Age, gender and urbanisation level
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Special groups In certain groups of
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Table 3.3 Cocaine use in special gr
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and 7.7% in the U.K (England and Wa
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Table 3.5 Cocaine use among school-
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Figure 3.2 Number of (outpatient) a
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Figure 3.4 Admissions to general ho
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The Netherlands Cause-of-Death stat
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• Little is known as yet about a
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4.2 Usage: general population Heroi
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• In the province of Gelderland,
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Figure 4.1 Estimates of the number
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and syringes exchanged has been reg
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• Between 2001 and 2004 the numbe
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- misuse of or dependence on alcoho
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same time it should be noted that t
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International comparison The Europe
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The total number of chronic hepatit
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• It is thought that risk behavio
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the ICD-9 classification. Drug deat
Page 103 and 104: Amsterdam GGD Amsterdam reports the
Page 105 and 106: Figure 4.9 Number of drug-induced d
Page 107 and 108: • Pupils attending REC-4 schools
Page 109 and 110: 5.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
Page 111 and 112: • In 2008, key observers in Amste
Page 113 and 114: Table 5.3 Use of Ecstasy and amphet
Page 115 and 116: Table 5.4a Use of amphetamines and
Page 117 and 118: Table 5.5a Ecstasy use among school
Page 119 and 120: Ecstasy • The number of (outpatie
Page 121 and 122: Figure 5.3 Numbers registered with
Page 123 and 124: • The same person may be admitted
Page 125 and 126: • The number of requests for info
Page 127 and 128: According to the EMCDDA, in other E
Page 129 and 130: Figure 5.6 Concentration of MDMA in
Page 131 and 132: Table 5.9 Number of samples contain
Page 133 and 134: • Consumers who had drug samples
Page 135 and 136: 6.2 Usage: general population The r
Page 137 and 138: GHB use is more common among juveni
Page 139 and 140: • GHB use among school-goers is l
Page 141 and 142: Table 6.4 GHB incidents registered
Page 143 and 144: • Of the liquid samples sold as G
Page 145 and 146: • Total deaths from alcohol-relat
Page 147 and 148: Figure 7.1 Alcohol consumption amon
Page 149 and 150: Ethnic background • Among seconda
Page 151 and 152: Table 7.3 Percentage of current dri
Page 153: Table 7.4 Alcohol use in the social
Page 157 and 158: Figure 7.3 Heavy drinkers by gender
Page 159 and 160: The countries with the lowest perce
Page 161 and 162: • In France it is more likely tha
Page 163 and 164: Figure 7.6 Age distribution of prim
Page 165 and 166: • In 2008, 337 day-care admission
Page 167 and 168: • In approximately 1,200 admissio
Page 169 and 170: Table 7.9 Estimated number of injur
Page 171 and 172: • On the basis of current researc
Page 173 and 174: Figure 7.10 Deaths from alcohol use
Page 175 and 176: • EU member states have different
Page 177 and 178: • Surveys by the Continuous Surve
Page 179 and 180: Figure 8.1 Percentage of smokers in
Page 181 and 182: 8.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
Page 183 and 184: Special education Table 8.3 shows t
Page 185 and 186: Table 8.4 Smokers in the EU-15 plus
Page 187 and 188: medication, Champix ® , which was
Page 189 and 190: among passive smoking men, the elev
Page 191 and 192: Table 8.6 Deaths from lung cancer a
Page 193 and 194: Since 1 January 2003 it is no longe
Page 195 and 196: Table 8.8 Cigarette prices and taxe
Page 197 and 198: eported. These refer to 2007 in the
Page 199 and 200: Table 9.1 Criminal investigations i
Page 201 and 202: Table 9.2 Number of dismantled prod
Page 203 and 204: Table 9.3 Characteristics of suspec
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Figure 9.2 Number of Opium Act case
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Table 9.5 Opium Act cases as a perc
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Disposals by the courts (in the fir
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• Financial orders (Public Prosec
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Table 9.9 Prevalence of new crimina
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10.2 Drug use among offenders Drug-
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• In some two-thirds of cases opi
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I, II Table 10.2 Number of times th
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• The ISD has a capacity of 1,000
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• Although there are some female
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Clinical admission Admission to a h
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Mellow Type of music at raves that
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Secondary diagnosis A secondary or
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Dismissal on policy grounds Decisio
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eintegration and rehabilitation of
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I. Use and problem use Source Targe
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II. Treatment demand and treatment
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IV. Market information Source Targe
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Source Target group/subject Sources
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Appendix C Explanation of ICD-9 and
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Appendix D Websites in the area of
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Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sp
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Appendix E Drug use in a number of
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References Adlaf, E.M., Korf, D.J.,
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Coumans, A.M. (2005). Survival on t
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Ganpat, S., Wits, E., Schoenmakers,
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Knibbe, R.A., Joosten, J., Derickx,
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Monshouwer, K., Smit, F., De Graaf,
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Rigter, H., Van Laar, M. (2002). Ep
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Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal (2
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Van Leeuwen, F.E. (1999). Epidemiol
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In the Netherlands various monitori
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