Netherlands National Drug Monitor - Research and Documentation ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

6 GHB GHB is an acronym for gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid, which is a substance that is generally sold in liquid form. Popular names for GHB are “liquid E”, “liquid X”, or “G” (Benschop et al., 2009). The effects of GHB are similar to those of alcohol, but the drug can also induce hallucinations and may have a stimulative effect. Even in ‘ordinary’ recreational doses, GHB can have unwelcome effects such as tiredness, forgetfulness, nausea, vomiting and convulsions. In higher doses (overdose), the users can fall into a comatose state. The margin between the recreational dose and overdose is often small. After waking from coma, the patient feels wakeful and alert, but may also be disorientated or aggressive. Dependency may develop with long-term and intensive use of the drug. The ingredients for GHB, such as GBL (gamma-Butyrolactone) and sodium hydroxide (drain unblocker), are easy to procure. GBL is a caustic soda (cleaning agent) that can be ordered online. It its pure form, this substance is stronger than GHB, but usage is dangerous on account of its aggressive characteristics. Taken in undiluted form, GBL can cause irritation and damage to the oesophagus and stomach. 6.1 Recent facts and trends The main facts and trends concerning GHB in this chapter are: • Use of GHB in the general population and among school-goers in mainstream education appears to be relatively rare (§ 6.2, § 6.3). • Pupils attending special schools and juveniles in care have more experience of GHB compared to their peers in mainstream secondary schools (§ 6.3). • In recent years, GHB use appears to have spread from socialising juveniles and young adults in the Randstad urban belt to a larger group of young people in the provinces. These youngsters also use the substance outside of recreational settings (§ 6.3). • In recent years, treatment demand for GHB addiction has increased at a number of organisations for addiction care; however national data are incomplete (§ 6.6). • Between 2003 and 2008 there was a sharp rise in the number of GHB victims seeking help from the emergency services (§ 6.6). • The number of deaths related to GHB is unclear (§ 6.7). • GHB is a relatively cheap drug (§ 6.8). 6 GHB 133
6.2 Usage: general population The results of an Internet survey conducted in January 2009 among over 1,700 people aged 12 and older suggest that GHB use is rare in the general population. • Only one respondent (0.2%) indicated having used GHB in the past 14 days (Meerkerk et al., 2009). 6.3 Usage: juveniles and young adults School-goers Compared to other drugs, few school-goers attending mainstream secondary schools have experience of using GHB. • According to the Dutch National School Survey on Substance Use in 2007, 0.6% of school-goers aged 12-18 have ever tried GHB (Monshouwer et al., 2008). This drug was not surveyed in the 2003 survey. Pupils in special education Table 6.1 shows that pupils attending special schools have considerably more experience of GHB use than their peers in mainstream schools (Kepper et al., 2009). Ever use of GHB among pupils of REC-4 schools, practical education (pro), and learning support education (lwoo), is higher than among pupils receiving mainstream education. Table 6.1 Ever use of GHB among pupils in special and mainstream education, by age group 12-13 years 14-15 years 16 years Special education REC-4 I 4.7% 3.5% 7.1% Pro II 5.7% 5.2% 3.9% Lwoo III 5.0% 3.1% 4.0% Mainstream education 0.3% 0.8% 0.8% Percentage of ever users. Survey year for special education was 2008. Survey year for mainstream education was 2007. I. REC = Regional Expertise Centre. II. Pro =practical education. III. Lwoo = learning support education. Sources: Trimbos Institute; Trimbos Institute/University of Utrecht. Special Groups GHB use among socialising juveniles and young adults is considerably more common than among pupils in mainstream education, although age differences and differences in research methods mean that exact comparisons are not possible. • The few available data from research conducted between 2005 and 2009 show that between 2% and 16% of socialisers have ever tried GHB and between one and four percent have used it in the past month (Table 6.2) (Nabben et al., 2007a; Trimbos Institute/University of Amsterdam, 2010). 134 Netherlands National Drug Monitor - NDM Annual Report 2009
Page 1 and 2:
Netherlands National Drug Monitor N
Page 3 and 4:
Colophon Project Manager Dr. M.W. v
Page 6:
Preface This is already the tenth A
Page 9 and 10:
5.4 Problem Use 113 5.5 Usage: Inte
Page 12 and 13:
List of abreviations and acronyms 2
Page 14 and 15:
NEMESIS NFU NIGZ NMG NPO NRI NVIC N
Page 16 and 17:
Summary Below is an outline of the
Page 18 and 19:
The number of hospital admissions c
Page 20 and 21:
GHB. In 2008/2009 4.6 percent of fr
Page 22 and 23:
Deaths In the Netherlands, smoking
Page 24 and 25:
Offences by drug users Drug users c
Page 26 and 27:
Opiates Ecstasy Amphetamine Alcohol
Page 28 and 29:
1 Introduction The National Drug Mo
Page 30 and 31:
use, particularly cannabis, under-r
Page 32 and 33:
information is available, this is b
Page 34 and 35:
2 Cannabis Cannabis (Cannabis Sativ
Page 36 and 37:
Figure 2.1 Cannabis users in the Ne
Page 38 and 39:
Figure 2.2 Cannabis use among secon
Page 40 and 41:
Cannabis and problem behaviour •
Page 42 and 43:
Table 2.4 Cannabis use among pupils
Page 44 and 45:
Table 2.5 Current cannabis use in s
Page 46 and 47:
• The sharp increase in treatment
Page 48 and 49:
Trends It is difficult to determine
Page 50 and 51:
• The role of cannabis in all req
Page 52 and 53:
- misuse or dependence on alcohol a
Page 54 and 55:
At the Ambulance Transport Centre (
Page 56 and 57:
• So far, epidemiological studies
Page 58 and 59:
Quality and price The Trimbos Insti
Page 60 and 61:
3 Cocaine Cocaine works as a stimul
Page 62 and 63:
Age, gender and urbanisation level
Page 64 and 65:
Special groups In certain groups of
Page 66 and 67:
Table 3.3 Cocaine use in special gr
Page 68 and 69:
and 7.7% in the U.K (England and Wa
Page 70 and 71:
Table 3.5 Cocaine use among school-
Page 72 and 73:
Figure 3.2 Number of (outpatient) a
Page 74 and 75:
Figure 3.4 Admissions to general ho
Page 76 and 77:
The Netherlands Cause-of-Death stat
Page 78:
• Little is known as yet about a
Page 81 and 82:
4.2 Usage: general population Heroi
Page 83 and 84: • In the province of Gelderland,
Page 85 and 86: Figure 4.1 Estimates of the number
Page 87 and 88: and syringes exchanged has been reg
Page 89 and 90: • Between 2001 and 2004 the numbe
Page 91 and 92: - misuse of or dependence on alcoho
Page 93 and 94: same time it should be noted that t
Page 95 and 96: International comparison The Europe
Page 97 and 98: The total number of chronic hepatit
Page 99 and 100: • It is thought that risk behavio
Page 101 and 102: the ICD-9 classification. Drug deat
Page 103 and 104: Amsterdam GGD Amsterdam reports the
Page 105 and 106: Figure 4.9 Number of drug-induced d
Page 107 and 108: • Pupils attending REC-4 schools
Page 109 and 110: 5.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
Page 111 and 112: • In 2008, key observers in Amste
Page 113 and 114: Table 5.3 Use of Ecstasy and amphet
Page 115 and 116: Table 5.4a Use of amphetamines and
Page 117 and 118: Table 5.5a Ecstasy use among school
Page 119 and 120: Ecstasy • The number of (outpatie
Page 121 and 122: Figure 5.3 Numbers registered with
Page 123 and 124: • The same person may be admitted
Page 125 and 126: • The number of requests for info
Page 127 and 128: According to the EMCDDA, in other E
Page 129 and 130: Figure 5.6 Concentration of MDMA in
Page 131 and 132: Table 5.9 Number of samples contain
Page 133: • Consumers who had drug samples
Page 137 and 138: GHB use is more common among juveni
Page 139 and 140: • GHB use among school-goers is l
Page 141 and 142: Table 6.4 GHB incidents registered
Page 143 and 144: • Of the liquid samples sold as G
Page 145 and 146: • Total deaths from alcohol-relat
Page 147 and 148: Figure 7.1 Alcohol consumption amon
Page 149 and 150: Ethnic background • Among seconda
Page 151 and 152: Table 7.3 Percentage of current dri
Page 153 and 154: Table 7.4 Alcohol use in the social
Page 155 and 156: Holiday-makers • Research conduct
Page 157 and 158: Figure 7.3 Heavy drinkers by gender
Page 159 and 160: The countries with the lowest perce
Page 161 and 162: • In France it is more likely tha
Page 163 and 164: Figure 7.6 Age distribution of prim
Page 165 and 166: • In 2008, 337 day-care admission
Page 167 and 168: • In approximately 1,200 admissio
Page 169 and 170: Table 7.9 Estimated number of injur
Page 171 and 172: • On the basis of current researc
Page 173 and 174: Figure 7.10 Deaths from alcohol use
Page 175 and 176: • EU member states have different
Page 177 and 178: • Surveys by the Continuous Surve
Page 179 and 180: Figure 8.1 Percentage of smokers in
Page 181 and 182: 8.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
Page 183 and 184: Special education Table 8.3 shows t
Page 185 and 186:
Table 8.4 Smokers in the EU-15 plus
Page 187 and 188:
medication, Champix ® , which was
Page 189 and 190:
among passive smoking men, the elev
Page 191 and 192:
Table 8.6 Deaths from lung cancer a
Page 193 and 194:
Since 1 January 2003 it is no longe
Page 195 and 196:
Table 8.8 Cigarette prices and taxe
Page 197 and 198:
eported. These refer to 2007 in the
Page 199 and 200:
Table 9.1 Criminal investigations i
Page 201 and 202:
Table 9.2 Number of dismantled prod
Page 203 and 204:
Table 9.3 Characteristics of suspec
Page 205 and 206:
Figure 9.2 Number of Opium Act case
Page 207 and 208:
Table 9.5 Opium Act cases as a perc
Page 209 and 210:
Disposals by the courts (in the fir
Page 211 and 212:
• Financial orders (Public Prosec
Page 213 and 214:
Table 9.9 Prevalence of new crimina
Page 215 and 216:
10.2 Drug use among offenders Drug-
Page 217 and 218:
• In some two-thirds of cases opi
Page 219 and 220:
I, II Table 10.2 Number of times th
Page 221 and 222:
• The ISD has a capacity of 1,000
Page 223 and 224:
• Although there are some female
Page 225 and 226:
Clinical admission Admission to a h
Page 227 and 228:
Mellow Type of music at raves that
Page 229 and 230:
Secondary diagnosis A secondary or
Page 231 and 232:
Dismissal on policy grounds Decisio
Page 233 and 234:
eintegration and rehabilitation of
Page 235 and 236:
I. Use and problem use Source Targe
Page 237 and 238:
II. Treatment demand and treatment
Page 239 and 240:
IV. Market information Source Targe
Page 241 and 242:
Source Target group/subject Sources
Page 244 and 245:
Appendix C Explanation of ICD-9 and
Page 246 and 247:
Appendix D Websites in the area of
Page 248 and 249:
Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sp
Page 250:
Appendix E Drug use in a number of
Page 254 and 255:
References Adlaf, E.M., Korf, D.J.,
Page 256 and 257:
Coumans, A.M. (2005). Survival on t
Page 258 and 259:
Ganpat, S., Wits, E., Schoenmakers,
Page 260 and 261:
Knibbe, R.A., Joosten, J., Derickx,
Page 262 and 263:
Monshouwer, K., Smit, F., De Graaf,
Page 264 and 265:
Rigter, H., Van Laar, M. (2002). Ep
Page 266 and 267:
Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal (2
Page 268 and 269:
Van Leeuwen, F.E. (1999). Epidemiol
Page 270:
In the Netherlands various monitori
show all

Netherlands National Drug Monitor - Research and Documentation ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?