Netherlands National Drug Monitor - Research and Documentation ...

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Members of the NDM Scientific Committee Prof. dr. H.G. van de Bunt, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam Prof. dr. H.F.L. Garretsen, Universiteit van Tilburg (voorzitter) Prof. dr. R.A. Knibbe, Universiteit Maastricht Dr. M.W.J. Koeter, AIAR Prof. dr. D.J. Korf, Bonger Institute of Criminology, University of Amsterdam Prof. dr. H. van de Mheen, IVO Dr. C.G. Schoemaker, RIVM A.W. Ouweh<strong>and</strong>, Stg. IVZ Observers Mr. R. Muradin, Ministry of Justice Drs. W.M. de Zwart, Ministry of Health, Welfare <strong>and</strong> Sport (VWS) Additional Referees Dr. M.C.A. Buster, Municipal Health Service Amsterdam (GGD Amsterdam) Drs. W.G.T. Kuijpers, Stg. IVZ Dr. M.C. Willemsen, STIVORO Members of the NDM Scientific Committee 3
Page 1 and 2: Netherlands National Drug Monitor N
Page 3: Colophon Project Manager Dr. M.W. v
Page 8 and 9: Contents List of Abreviations and A
Page 10: Appendix A Glossary of Terms 223 Ap
Page 13 and 14: EWDD European Monitoring Centre for
Page 15 and 16: UvA VBA v.i. VIS VMBO VMBO-p VMBO-t
Page 17 and 18: As against this declining/stabilisi
Page 19 and 20: youth, the percentage of current am
Page 21 and 22: Despite a legal ban on selling alco
Page 23 and 24: Offences against the Opium Act Inve
Page 25 and 26: Table 1a Key Data on Substance Use
Page 27 and 28: Table 1b Key Figures Drug Crime: Op
Page 29 and 30: The thinking behind these five key
Page 31 and 32: clients and client profiles provide
Page 33 and 34: 2009 Annual Report This is the tent
Page 35 and 36: users increased. The total percenta
Page 37 and 38: Amount of use • In 2005 almost a
Page 39 and 40: Amount of use • Of the eight perc
Page 41 and 42: Table 2.3 How do school-goers procu
Page 43 and 44: Problem Youth There are relatively
Page 45 and 46: 2.4 Problem use It is not known exa
Page 47 and 48: Table 2.7a Cannabis use in the gene
Page 49 and 50: Table 2.8 Cannabis use among school
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.5 Trends in age distributi
Page 53 and 54: Figure 2.7 Age distribution of cann
Page 55 and 56:
2.7 Illness and deaths Illness Incr
Page 57 and 58:
2.8 Supply and market Coffee shops
Page 59 and 60:
Figure 2.8 Average THC percentage i
Page 61 and 62:
• Between 2007 and 2008, there wa
Page 63 and 64:
Figure 3.1 Use of cocaine among sch
Page 65 and 66:
- However, rising popularity of coc
Page 67 and 68:
3.4 Problem use There are no reliab
Page 69 and 70:
Table 3.4b Cocaine use in the gener
Page 71 and 72:
• The ratio of cocaine clients to
Page 73 and 74:
Figure 3.3 Age distribution of prim
Page 75 and 76:
• These figures are likely to be
Page 77 and 78:
• The total number of deaths amon
Page 80 and 81:
4 Opiates The drug class of opiates
Page 82 and 83:
Table 4.2 Ever use of heroin among
Page 84 and 85:
• According to the estimates for
Page 86 and 87:
Figure 4.2 Problem users of opiates
Page 88 and 89:
Table 4.5 Problem users of hard dru
Page 90 and 91:
Age and gender • In 2008 80% of p
Page 92 and 93:
• These figures are likely to be
Page 94 and 95:
• In Amsterdam, about half of the
Page 96 and 97:
• The data on infection rates tha
Page 98 and 99:
- In the early 1990’s about one m
Page 100 and 101:
to the EMCDDA standard for calculat
Page 102 and 103:
Figure 4.7 Age distribution of deat
Page 104 and 105:
Figure 4.8 Deaths among drug users
Page 106 and 107:
5 Ecstasy, amphetamine and related
Page 108 and 109:
Table 5.1 Use of Ecstasy and amphet
Page 110 and 111:
Table 5.2 Ever use of Ecstasy and a
Page 112 and 113:
- In the regions East (Gelderland a
Page 114 and 115:
5.4 Problem use • It is not known
Page 116 and 117:
Juveniles and young adults The data
Page 118 and 119:
Table 5.5b Ecstasy use among school
Page 120 and 121:
Figure 5.2 Numbers registered with
Page 122 and 123:
Figure 5.4 Age distribution of prim
Page 124 and 125:
• By contrast, amphetamine plays
Page 126 and 127:
performance of these tasks remained
Page 128 and 129:
together with another substance) wa
Page 130 and 131:
• Ketamine was found more often i
Page 132 and 133:
etween the monthly decline in 2008
Page 134 and 135:
6 GHB GHB is an acronym for gamma-H
Page 136 and 137:
• Among clubbers in Amsterdam, ev
Page 138 and 139:
after the last dose of the drug. To
Page 140 and 141:
Age and Gender • Data from Addict
Page 142 and 143:
The consequences of this condition
Page 144 and 145:
7 Alcohol Alcohol is made from ferm
Page 146 and 147:
• In contrast to this downward tr
Page 148 and 149:
a weekly basis); for girls the most
Page 150 and 151:
• A quarter of parents report hav
Page 152 and 153:
not statistically significant. The
Page 154 and 155:
Hangouts In recent years there has
Page 156 and 157:
• Research from 2002/2003 among 1
Page 158 and 159:
Alcohol misuse and dependence • A
Page 160 and 161:
• In 2007 the Netherlands scored
Page 162 and 163:
Figure 7.5 Number of clients of (ou
Page 164 and 165:
- diseases of the cardio-vascular s
Page 166 and 167:
At the Ambulance Transport Centre (
Page 168 and 169:
Table 7.8 Requests for information
Page 170 and 171:
• There are clear indications, th
Page 172 and 173:
Figure 7.9 Deaths from alcohol-rela
Page 174 and 175:
• Of under-age drinkers aged 13 t
Page 176 and 177:
8 Tobacco Tobacco is made from the
Page 178 and 179:
Table 8.1 Male and female smokers i
Page 180 and 181:
Table 8.2 Use of cigarettes and rol
Page 182 and 183:
Age and Gender Smokers start young.
Page 184 and 185:
(Utrecht, Flevoland), West (Noord-
Page 186 and 187:
Figure 8.4 Smokers among secondary
Page 188 and 189:
• For low socio-economic status g
Page 190 and 191:
Table 8.5 Deaths due to a number of
Page 192 and 193:
Figure 8.5 Deaths from a number of
Page 194 and 195:
Table 8.7 Cigarette prices and taxe
Page 196 and 197:
9 Drug-related crime This chapter c
Page 198 and 199:
• Records from the Public Prosecu
Page 200 and 201:
• By comparison with 2007, the pe
Page 202 and 203:
Figure 9.1 Number of drug crime sus
Page 204 and 205:
• Figure 9.2 shows that in 2007 a
Page 206 and 207:
Disposals of Opium Act cases by the
Page 208 and 209:
(b) Opium Act - Soft Drugs % 100 90
Page 210 and 211:
Table 9.6 Percentage of cases dispo
Page 212 and 213:
The percentage of Opium Act cases i
Page 214 and 215:
10 Drug users in the criminal justi
Page 216 and 217:
Figure 10.1 Type of offence by susp
Page 218 and 219:
complete primary school and nearly
Page 220 and 221:
2005 % 2006 % 2007 % 2008 % 3 962 1
Page 222 and 223:
Figure 10.2 Number of ISD participa
Page 224 and 225:
Appendix A Glossary of Terms This a
Page 226 and 227:
Hard drugs Drugs on list I of the O
Page 228 and 229:
Primary cause of death The direct c
Page 230 and 231:
Appeal Legal instrument permissible
Page 232 and 233:
Joinder of session Joining together
Page 234 and 235:
Appendix B Sources This appendix co
Page 236 and 237:
Measurements 1984, 1988, 1992, 1996
Page 238 and 239:
Measurements Annual Annual Annual O
Page 240 and 241:
Measurements Continuous; annual rep
Page 242:
Measurements Continuous registratio
Page 245 and 246:
Explanation of ICD-10 codes ICD-10
Page 247 and 248:
European Monitoring Centre for Drug
Page 249 and 250:
Substance Abuse & Mental Health Ser
Page 252:
Appendix F Pupils in special and ma
Page 255 and 256:
Bolman, C., De Vries, H., Van Breuk
Page 257 and 258:
De Vries, H., Bakker, M., Mullen, P
Page 259 and 260:
Hoogenboezem, G., Ensdorff, J., Cro
Page 261 and 262:
Kruize, A., Bieleman, B. (2008b). M
Page 263 and 264:
Niesink, R., Rigter, S., Hoek, J.,
Page 265 and 266:
STAP (2009b). Alcohol en sportspons
Page 267 and 268:
Van der Poel, A., Barendregt, C., S
Page 269 and 270:
Verdurmen, J., Van der Meulen, A.,
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