Netherlands National Drug Monitor - Research and Documentation ...

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2005 % 2006 % 2007 % 2008 % 3 962 10 4 400 10 4 123 9 4 160 9 1 152 3 1 494 3 1 408 3 1 564 3 2 081 5 3 226 7 3 684 8 4 005 9 5 454 13 7 880 18 9 728 22 10 679 23 2 806 7 2 624 6 1 948 4 1 500 3 4 904 12 5 293 12 5 267 12 5 322 12 286 1 360 1 294 1 329 1 8 454 21 8 931 20 8 658 19 8 568 19 11 504 28 9 935 23 9 719 22 10 075 22 40 603 100 44 143 100 44 829 100 46 202 100 Treatment as an alternative to prosecution and sanctions • Drug users serving a custodial sentences have the possibility of availing of treatment as an alternative to detention. Various possibilities are available under the law. These possibilities are available to all detainees, but in the case of drug users they are considered particularly important, since the problems need to be treated if an improvement is to be achieved. • In 2007, problem users were directed to treatment 3,684 times and in 2008 4,005 times; this mainly involved non-clinical or clinical addiction care, or non-clinical psychiatric treatment (table 10.2; www.svg.nl). • Referrals to clinical addiction care show a decline over time, as do referrals to psychiatric treatment in a general psychiatric hospital. By contrast, there is an increase in referrals to non-clinical psychiatric treatment and addiction care. The same holds for referrals to psychiatric out-patient clinics, part-time psychiatric treatment and psychotherapy (www.svg.nl). Institutions for Prolific Offenders • The ‘Placement in an Institution for Prolific Offenders Act’ (ISD) took effect in October 2004 12 . Under this measure, prolific offenders, even in the case of minor offences, can be detained in an ISD for a maximum of two years. • ISD orders are made by the courts. Offenders who receive these orders are placed in a penitentiary institution. Participation in behavioural interventions and programmes both inside and outside the institution is possible. 12 Parliamentary Reports: T.K.28980/16, 2004: Session 2003-2004 publication number 28980 no.16, 2004; T.K.29200/VI 67, 2004: Session 2003-2004 publication number 29200 VI, 2004. 10 Drug users in the criminal justice system 219
• The ISD has a capacity of 1,000 places of which 874 in penitentiary institutions and 126 in external treatment centres. These places are not fully occupied: in 2007 on average 662 placement orders were made; in 2008 the number was 607 (figure 10.2). The highest number of placements to date was 679 (in June and August 2007). The numbers fluctuate considerably depending on location and jurisdiction. • In 2007 and 2008, ISD participants accounted for 5% of the total custodial population. The ISD does not consist of a set program. • The first group of ISD participants were placed in January 2005. In that year, 310 ISD orders were made. In 2006 there were 330 new placements, in 2007 295 and in 2008 292. This means the number of placements increased up to 2007, but showed a slight decline in 2008. There was a further drop in 2009 (to 235 additional placement orders). • In 2007, a monthly average of 135 ISD participants were in the basic programme (i.e. without behavioural interventions = 21%); a further 394 (62%) participated in a behavioural intervention within the penitentiary establishment and 110 (17%) were in an external treatment programme. In 2008 a monthly average of 142 (24%) were in the basic programme, 332 (56%) were in an intramural programme and 119 (20%) participated in an extramural programme. The majority participate in a programme within the penitentiary institution (figure 10.3). • Initially the implementation of the ISD encountered some teething problems (Goderie en Lünnemann, 2008; Implementation of Sanctions Inspectorate, 2008). These included the fact that the target group was more problematic than had been envisaged. Staff were not equipped to deal with this. A lack of coordination with aftercare arrangements was also reported (Implementation of Sanctions Inspectorate, 2008). In the meantime, local collaboration has improved and a number of problems have been ironed out. 220 Netherlands National Drug Monitor - NDM Annual Report 2009
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Netherlands National Drug Monitor N
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Colophon Project Manager Dr. M.W. v
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Preface This is already the tenth A
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5.4 Problem Use 113 5.5 Usage: Inte
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List of abreviations and acronyms 2
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NEMESIS NFU NIGZ NMG NPO NRI NVIC N
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Summary Below is an outline of the
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The number of hospital admissions c
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GHB. In 2008/2009 4.6 percent of fr
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Deaths In the Netherlands, smoking
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Offences by drug users Drug users c
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Opiates Ecstasy Amphetamine Alcohol
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1 Introduction The National Drug Mo
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use, particularly cannabis, under-r
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information is available, this is b
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2 Cannabis Cannabis (Cannabis Sativ
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Figure 2.1 Cannabis users in the Ne
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Figure 2.2 Cannabis use among secon
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Cannabis and problem behaviour •
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Table 2.4 Cannabis use among pupils
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Table 2.5 Current cannabis use in s
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• The sharp increase in treatment
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Trends It is difficult to determine
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• The role of cannabis in all req
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- misuse or dependence on alcohol a
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At the Ambulance Transport Centre (
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• So far, epidemiological studies
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Quality and price The Trimbos Insti
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3 Cocaine Cocaine works as a stimul
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Age, gender and urbanisation level
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Special groups In certain groups of
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Table 3.3 Cocaine use in special gr
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and 7.7% in the U.K (England and Wa
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Table 3.5 Cocaine use among school-
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Figure 3.2 Number of (outpatient) a
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Figure 3.4 Admissions to general ho
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The Netherlands Cause-of-Death stat
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• Little is known as yet about a
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4.2 Usage: general population Heroi
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• In the province of Gelderland,
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Figure 4.1 Estimates of the number
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and syringes exchanged has been reg
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• Between 2001 and 2004 the numbe
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- misuse of or dependence on alcoho
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same time it should be noted that t
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International comparison The Europe
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The total number of chronic hepatit
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• It is thought that risk behavio
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the ICD-9 classification. Drug deat
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Amsterdam GGD Amsterdam reports the
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Figure 4.9 Number of drug-induced d
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• Pupils attending REC-4 schools
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5.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
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• In 2008, key observers in Amste
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Table 5.3 Use of Ecstasy and amphet
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Table 5.4a Use of amphetamines and
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Table 5.5a Ecstasy use among school
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Ecstasy • The number of (outpatie
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Figure 5.3 Numbers registered with
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• The same person may be admitted
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• The number of requests for info
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According to the EMCDDA, in other E
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Figure 5.6 Concentration of MDMA in
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Table 5.9 Number of samples contain
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• Consumers who had drug samples
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6.2 Usage: general population The r
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GHB use is more common among juveni
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• GHB use among school-goers is l
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Table 6.4 GHB incidents registered
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• Of the liquid samples sold as G
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• Total deaths from alcohol-relat
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Figure 7.1 Alcohol consumption amon
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Ethnic background • Among seconda
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Table 7.3 Percentage of current dri
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Table 7.4 Alcohol use in the social
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Holiday-makers • Research conduct
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Figure 7.3 Heavy drinkers by gender
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The countries with the lowest perce
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• In France it is more likely tha
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Figure 7.6 Age distribution of prim
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• In 2008, 337 day-care admission
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• In approximately 1,200 admissio
Page 169 and 170: Table 7.9 Estimated number of injur
Page 171 and 172: • On the basis of current researc
Page 173 and 174: Figure 7.10 Deaths from alcohol use
Page 175 and 176: • EU member states have different
Page 177 and 178: • Surveys by the Continuous Surve
Page 179 and 180: Figure 8.1 Percentage of smokers in
Page 181 and 182: 8.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
Page 183 and 184: Special education Table 8.3 shows t
Page 185 and 186: Table 8.4 Smokers in the EU-15 plus
Page 187 and 188: medication, Champix ® , which was
Page 189 and 190: among passive smoking men, the elev
Page 191 and 192: Table 8.6 Deaths from lung cancer a
Page 193 and 194: Since 1 January 2003 it is no longe
Page 195 and 196: Table 8.8 Cigarette prices and taxe
Page 197 and 198: eported. These refer to 2007 in the
Page 199 and 200: Table 9.1 Criminal investigations i
Page 201 and 202: Table 9.2 Number of dismantled prod
Page 203 and 204: Table 9.3 Characteristics of suspec
Page 205 and 206: Figure 9.2 Number of Opium Act case
Page 207 and 208: Table 9.5 Opium Act cases as a perc
Page 209 and 210: Disposals by the courts (in the fir
Page 211 and 212: • Financial orders (Public Prosec
Page 213 and 214: Table 9.9 Prevalence of new crimina
Page 215 and 216: 10.2 Drug use among offenders Drug-
Page 217 and 218: • In some two-thirds of cases opi
Page 219: I, II Table 10.2 Number of times th
Page 223 and 224: • Although there are some female
Page 225 and 226: Clinical admission Admission to a h
Page 227 and 228: Mellow Type of music at raves that
Page 229 and 230: Secondary diagnosis A secondary or
Page 231 and 232: Dismissal on policy grounds Decisio
Page 233 and 234: eintegration and rehabilitation of
Page 235 and 236: I. Use and problem use Source Targe
Page 237 and 238: II. Treatment demand and treatment
Page 239 and 240: IV. Market information Source Targe
Page 241 and 242: Source Target group/subject Sources
Page 244 and 245: Appendix C Explanation of ICD-9 and
Page 246 and 247: Appendix D Websites in the area of
Page 248 and 249: Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sp
Page 250: Appendix E Drug use in a number of
Page 254 and 255: References Adlaf, E.M., Korf, D.J.,
Page 256 and 257: Coumans, A.M. (2005). Survival on t
Page 258 and 259: Ganpat, S., Wits, E., Schoenmakers,
Page 260 and 261: Knibbe, R.A., Joosten, J., Derickx,
Page 262 and 263: Monshouwer, K., Smit, F., De Graaf,
Page 264 and 265: Rigter, H., Van Laar, M. (2002). Ep
Page 266 and 267: Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal (2
Page 268 and 269: Van Leeuwen, F.E. (1999). Epidemiol
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In the Netherlands various monitori
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