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• A quarter of parents report having a ‘no alcohol agreement’ with their child. In most cases the agreement is not to drink before the age of 16. • There were more parents in 2007 than in 2006 who felt that their child should definitely not be allowed to drink alcohol in various situations. Special Education • Table 7,2 shows the percentages for alcohol use among pupils in special education compared to their peers in mainstream education (Kepper et al., 2009). The percentage of pupils that has ever or recently drunk alcohol is not higher in special schools. On the contrary, these percentages tend to be higher for pupils in mainstream schools. Table 7.2 Alcohol consumption among pupils aged 12-16 in special and mainstream education, by age group Ever Use Current Use School type 12-13 years 14-15 years 16 years 12-13 years 14-15 years 16 years Special REC-4 I 62% 77% 84% 24% 45% 65% Pro II 51% 64% 74% 19% 39% 55% Lwoo III 57% 76% 79% 25% 46% 61% Mainstream 62% 85% 92% 21% 56% 77% Percentage of ever and recent (past month) users. Survey year for special education was 2008. Survey year for mainstream education was 2007. I. REC = Regional Expertise Centre. II. Pro =practical education. III. Lwoo = learning support education. Sources: Trimbos Institute; Trimbos Institute/University of Utrecht. • Table 7.3 shows the percentage of current drinkers that have been drunk in the past month among pupils of special schools compared to pupils of mainstream schools; it also shows the percentage of current drinkers that have consumed five or more units of alcohol in one session during the past month (Kepper et al., 2009). • Compared to mainstream education drunkenness among current drinkers is more common among 12 and 13 year olds in practical (pro) education and among 14, 15 and 16 year olds attending REC-4 schools. Binge drinking (5 or more units in one session) among current drinkers is more common in REC-4, schools as well as among pupils of pro and lwoo education. Incidentally, pupils attending REC-4 schools account for only one to two percent of the entire secondary school population (see Appendix F). 7 Alcohol 149
Table 7.3 Percentage of current drinkers among pupils aged 12 to 16 in special and mainstream education who were drunk in the past month or who took five or more drinks per session, by age group Drunk Five or more drinks per session (binge drinking) School type 12-13 years 14-15 years 16 years 12-13 years 14-15 years 16 years Special REC-4 28% 49% 71% 72% 89% 89% pro 31% 39% 45% 76% 91% 92% lwoo 22% 41% 46% 76% 87% 80% Mainstream 17% 41% 53% 50% 66% 76% Percentage of recent (past month) users. Survey year for special education was 2008. Survey year for mainstream education was 2007. Sources: Trimbos Institute; Trimbos Institute/University of Utrecht. Special groups of young people In certain groups of juveniles and young adults alcohol use may occur more frequently. Alcohol consumption among socialising youngsters, young holiday-makers and problem youth is discussed below. Socialising juveniles and young adults Many young people drink when they are out socialising. Table 7.4 summarises the results of a number of studies conducted among young people in the social scene. The figures are not mutually comparable on account of differences in age groups and research methods. Furthermore, the response rates in research on socialising young people are often low, which can lead to a distortion of the results. • In 2005 one fifth of young socialisers aged 13 drank alcohol while out, as did nearly two-thirds of fourteen and fifteen year olds and almost nine out of ten sixteen and seventeen year olds. These figures are comparable with those from 2003 (Bieleman et al., 2006). • In 2008/2009 substance use was examined among attendees at eleven national and regionally organised large-scale parties and festivals (Trimbos Institute/University of Amsterdam, 2010). - Nine out of ten (91%) of the revellers were current drinkers. - Eight out of ten (80%) had consumed five or more drinks on at least one occasion (binge drinking) during the past month. • In the same survey in 2008/2009, alcohol use among clubbers and disco-goers was studied in large and medium-sized municipalities in five regions of the Netherlands: North (Friesland, Groningen, Drenthe), East (Gelderland and Overijssel), Central (Utrecht, Flevoland), West (Noord- and Zuid-Holland) and South (Noord- Brabant, Zeeland, Limburg). - The percentage of current drinkers was highest in East (94%), followed by South (93%), North and West (91%) and Central (90%). However, these differences were 150 Netherlands National Drug Monitor - NDM Annual Report 2009
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Netherlands National Drug Monitor N
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Colophon Project Manager Dr. M.W. v
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Preface This is already the tenth A
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5.4 Problem Use 113 5.5 Usage: Inte
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List of abreviations and acronyms 2
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NEMESIS NFU NIGZ NMG NPO NRI NVIC N
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Summary Below is an outline of the
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The number of hospital admissions c
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GHB. In 2008/2009 4.6 percent of fr
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Deaths In the Netherlands, smoking
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Offences by drug users Drug users c
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Opiates Ecstasy Amphetamine Alcohol
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1 Introduction The National Drug Mo
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use, particularly cannabis, under-r
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information is available, this is b
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2 Cannabis Cannabis (Cannabis Sativ
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Figure 2.1 Cannabis users in the Ne
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Figure 2.2 Cannabis use among secon
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Cannabis and problem behaviour •
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Table 2.4 Cannabis use among pupils
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Table 2.5 Current cannabis use in s
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• The sharp increase in treatment
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Trends It is difficult to determine
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• The role of cannabis in all req
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- misuse or dependence on alcohol a
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At the Ambulance Transport Centre (
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• So far, epidemiological studies
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Quality and price The Trimbos Insti
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3 Cocaine Cocaine works as a stimul
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Age, gender and urbanisation level
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Special groups In certain groups of
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Table 3.3 Cocaine use in special gr
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and 7.7% in the U.K (England and Wa
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Table 3.5 Cocaine use among school-
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Figure 3.2 Number of (outpatient) a
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Figure 3.4 Admissions to general ho
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The Netherlands Cause-of-Death stat
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• Little is known as yet about a
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4.2 Usage: general population Heroi
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• In the province of Gelderland,
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Figure 4.1 Estimates of the number
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and syringes exchanged has been reg
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• Between 2001 and 2004 the numbe
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- misuse of or dependence on alcoho
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same time it should be noted that t
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International comparison The Europe
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The total number of chronic hepatit
Page 99 and 100: • It is thought that risk behavio
Page 101 and 102: the ICD-9 classification. Drug deat
Page 103 and 104: Amsterdam GGD Amsterdam reports the
Page 105 and 106: Figure 4.9 Number of drug-induced d
Page 107 and 108: • Pupils attending REC-4 schools
Page 109 and 110: 5.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
Page 111 and 112: • In 2008, key observers in Amste
Page 113 and 114: Table 5.3 Use of Ecstasy and amphet
Page 115 and 116: Table 5.4a Use of amphetamines and
Page 117 and 118: Table 5.5a Ecstasy use among school
Page 119 and 120: Ecstasy • The number of (outpatie
Page 121 and 122: Figure 5.3 Numbers registered with
Page 123 and 124: • The same person may be admitted
Page 125 and 126: • The number of requests for info
Page 127 and 128: According to the EMCDDA, in other E
Page 129 and 130: Figure 5.6 Concentration of MDMA in
Page 131 and 132: Table 5.9 Number of samples contain
Page 133 and 134: • Consumers who had drug samples
Page 135 and 136: 6.2 Usage: general population The r
Page 137 and 138: GHB use is more common among juveni
Page 139 and 140: • GHB use among school-goers is l
Page 141 and 142: Table 6.4 GHB incidents registered
Page 143 and 144: • Of the liquid samples sold as G
Page 145 and 146: • Total deaths from alcohol-relat
Page 147 and 148: Figure 7.1 Alcohol consumption amon
Page 149: Ethnic background • Among seconda
Page 153 and 154: Table 7.4 Alcohol use in the social
Page 155 and 156: Holiday-makers • Research conduct
Page 157 and 158: Figure 7.3 Heavy drinkers by gender
Page 159 and 160: The countries with the lowest perce
Page 161 and 162: • In France it is more likely tha
Page 163 and 164: Figure 7.6 Age distribution of prim
Page 165 and 166: • In 2008, 337 day-care admission
Page 167 and 168: • In approximately 1,200 admissio
Page 169 and 170: Table 7.9 Estimated number of injur
Page 171 and 172: • On the basis of current researc
Page 173 and 174: Figure 7.10 Deaths from alcohol use
Page 175 and 176: • EU member states have different
Page 177 and 178: • Surveys by the Continuous Surve
Page 179 and 180: Figure 8.1 Percentage of smokers in
Page 181 and 182: 8.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
Page 183 and 184: Special education Table 8.3 shows t
Page 185 and 186: Table 8.4 Smokers in the EU-15 plus
Page 187 and 188: medication, Champix ® , which was
Page 189 and 190: among passive smoking men, the elev
Page 191 and 192: Table 8.6 Deaths from lung cancer a
Page 193 and 194: Since 1 January 2003 it is no longe
Page 195 and 196: Table 8.8 Cigarette prices and taxe
Page 197 and 198: eported. These refer to 2007 in the
Page 199 and 200: Table 9.1 Criminal investigations i
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Table 9.2 Number of dismantled prod
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Table 9.3 Characteristics of suspec
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Figure 9.2 Number of Opium Act case
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Table 9.5 Opium Act cases as a perc
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Disposals by the courts (in the fir
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• Financial orders (Public Prosec
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Table 9.9 Prevalence of new crimina
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10.2 Drug use among offenders Drug-
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• In some two-thirds of cases opi
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I, II Table 10.2 Number of times th
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• The ISD has a capacity of 1,000
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• Although there are some female
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Clinical admission Admission to a h
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Mellow Type of music at raves that
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Secondary diagnosis A secondary or
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Dismissal on policy grounds Decisio
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eintegration and rehabilitation of
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I. Use and problem use Source Targe
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II. Treatment demand and treatment
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IV. Market information Source Targe
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Source Target group/subject Sources
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Appendix C Explanation of ICD-9 and
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Appendix D Websites in the area of
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Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sp
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Appendix E Drug use in a number of
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References Adlaf, E.M., Korf, D.J.,
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Coumans, A.M. (2005). Survival on t
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Ganpat, S., Wits, E., Schoenmakers,
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Knibbe, R.A., Joosten, J., Derickx,
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Monshouwer, K., Smit, F., De Graaf,
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Rigter, H., Van Laar, M. (2002). Ep
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Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal (2
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Van Leeuwen, F.E. (1999). Epidemiol
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In the Netherlands various monitori
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