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Knibbe, R.A., Joosten, J., Derickx, M., Choquet, M., Morin, D., Monshouwer, K., Vollebergh, W. (2005). Perceived availability of substance use and substancerelated problems: a cross national study among French and Dutch adolescents. Journal of Substance Use, 10(2/3): 151-163. Knowles, L., Buxton, J.A., Skuridina, N., Achebe, I., LeGatt, D., Fan, S., Zhu, N.Y., Talbot, J. (2009). Levamisole tainted cocaine causing severe neutropenia in Alberta and British Columbia. Harm Reduction Journal, 6(30). Koedijk, F.D.H., Vriend, H.J., Van Veen, M.G., Op de Coul, E.L.M., Van den Broek, I.V.F., Van Sighem, A.I., Verheij, R.A., Van der Sande, M.A.B. (2009). Sexually transmitted infections, including HIV, in the Netherlands in 2008. Bilthoven: RIVM. Kohrs, F.P., Mann, C., Greenberg, R. (2004). The use of amphetamine in gammahydroxybutyrate overdose: a case report. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 36(3): 401-402. Korf, D.J., Nabben, T., Benschop, A. (2004a). Antenne 2003: trends in alcohol, tabak en drugs bij jonge Amsterdammers. Amsterdam: Rozenberg Publishers. Korf, D.J., Wouters, M., Benschop, A., Van Ginkel, P. (2004b). Sterke wiet: een onderzoek naar blowgedrag, schadelijkheid en afhankelijkheid van cannabis. Amsterdam: Rozenberg Publishers. Korf, D.J., Van Ginkel, P., Wouters, M. (2004c). Je ziet het ze niet aan: zwerfjongeren in Flevoland. Amsterdam: Rozenberg Publishers. Korf, D.J., Van Vliet, E., Knotter, J., Wouters, M. (2005a). Tippelen na de zone: straatprostitutie en verborgen prostitutie in Amsterdam. Amsterdam: Rozenberg Publishers. Korf, D.J., Wouters, M., Nabben, T., Van Ginkel, P. (2005b). Cannabis zonder coffeeshop: niet-gedoogde cannabisverkoop in tien Nederlandse gemeenten. Amsterdam: Rozenberg Publishers. Korf, D.J., Benschop, A., Rots, G. (2005c). Geweld, alcohol en drugs bij jeugdige gedetineerden en school drop-outs. Tijdschrift voor Criminologie, 47 (3): 239-254. Korf, D.J., Benschop, A., Wouters, M. (2007). Differential responses to cannabis potency: a typology of users based on self-reported consumption behaviour. Int J Drug Policy, 18(3): 168-176. Korte, J. (2008). Alcoholgebruik bij middelbare scholieren in Twente: prevalentie, determinanten en de rol van keten. Enschede: Universiteit Twente. Kramer, M., Dupont, H. (2006). Nuije Hêlesje Wink: alcohol- en ander druggebruik bij hangjongeren in Heerlen: een inventarisatie van de aard van het middelengebruik en van mogelijkheden voor preventie. Sittard: Mondriaan Zorggroep. Kroes, M.E., Mastenbroek, C.G. (2009). Stoppen-met-rokenprogramma: te verzekeren zorg! Op 21 april 2009 uitgebracht aan de Minister van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en sport. Diemen: College voor zorgverzekeringen. Kruize, A., Bieleman, B. (2008a). Monitor alcoholverstrekking jongeren 2007: naleving leeftijdsgrenzen 16 en 18 jaar Drank- en horecawet: tweejaarlijkse metingen 1999-2007. Groningen-Rotterdam: Intraval. References 259
Kruize, A., Bieleman, B. (2008b). Monitor tabaksverstrekking jongeren 2007: naleving leeftijdsgrens 16 jaar: metingen 1999 - 2007. Groningen: Intraval. Kwaliteitsinstituut voor de Gezondheidszorg (2008). Richtlijn Medicamenteuze Zorg aan Gedetineerde Verslaafden. Utrecht: CBO/DJI. KWF Kankerbestrijding (2004). De rol van voeding bij het ontstaan van kanker. Amsterdam: KWF Kankerbestrijding. Lanting, C.I., Segaar, D., Crone, M.R., Van Wouwe, J.P. (2007). Licht dalende prevalentie van roken rondom zwangerschap. Ned.Tijdschr.Geneeskd., 151(46): 2566-2469. Lauer, M.S., Sorlie, P. (2009). Alcohol, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: treat with caution. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 101 (5): 282-283. Lempens, A., Boers, R., Maalsté, N. (2004). Harddrugsgebruikers in beweging: aard, omvang en mobiliteit van harddrugsgebruikers in Rotterdam. Rotterdam: IVO. Leung, K.S., Cottler, L.B. (2008). Ecstasy and other club drugs: a review of recent epidemiologic studies. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 21: 234-241. Lightwood, J.M., Glantz, S.A. (2009). Declines in Acute Myocardial Infarction After Smoke-Free Laws and Individual Risk Attributable to Secondhand Smoke. Circulation, 120: 1373-1379. Lindenburg, C.E., Krol, A., Smit, C., Buster, M.C., Coutinho, R.A., Prins, M. (2006). Decline in HIV incidence and injecting, but not in sexual risk behaviour, seen in drug users in Amsterdam: a 19-year prospective cohort study. AIDS, 20(13): 1771-1775. Marona-Lewicka, D., Rhee, G.S., Sprague, J.E., Nichols, D.E. (1995). Psychostimulantlike effects of p-fluoroamphetamine in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol, 287(2): 105-113. Meerkerk, G.J., Van Rooij, A.J., Amadmoestar, S.S., Schoenmakers, T. (2009). Nieuwe verslavingen in zicht: een inventariserend onderzoek naar aard en omvang van ‘nieuwe verslavingen’ in Nederland. Rotterdam: IVO. Meijer, R.F., Aidala, R., Verrest, P.A.M., Van Panhuis, P., Essers, A.A.M. (2003). Monitoring van Drugcriminaliteit: werken aan kengetallen voor de Nationale Drugmonitor. Den Haag: Ministerie van Justitie, WODC. Meijer, R.F., Grapendaal, M., Van Ooyen, M.M.J., Wartna, B.S.J., Brouwers, M., Essers, A.A.M. (2003). Geregistreerde drugcriminaliteit in cijfers: achtergrondstudie bij het Justitieonderdeel van de Nationale Drugmonitor; jaarbericht 2002. Den Haag: Boom Juridische uitgevers. Mensinga, Tj., De Vries, I.K.M., Hunault, C.C., Van den Hengel-Koot, I.S., Fijen, J.W., Leenders, M.E.C., Meulenbelt, J. (2006). Dubbel-blind, gerandomiseerd, placebogecontroleerd, 4-weg gekruist onderzoek naar de farmacokinetiek en effecten van cannabis. Bilthoven: RIVM. Meyers, D.G., Neuberger, J.S., He, J. (2009). Cardiovascular effect of bans on smoking in public places: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll. Cardiol., 54(14): 1249-1255. Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat (2008). Rijden onder invloed in Nederland in 1999-2007: ontwikkeling van het alcoholgebruik van automobilisten in weekendnachten. Delft: Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat. 260 Netherlands National Drug Monitor - NDM Annual Report 2009
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Netherlands National Drug Monitor N
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Colophon Project Manager Dr. M.W. v
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Preface This is already the tenth A
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5.4 Problem Use 113 5.5 Usage: Inte
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List of abreviations and acronyms 2
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NEMESIS NFU NIGZ NMG NPO NRI NVIC N
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Summary Below is an outline of the
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The number of hospital admissions c
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GHB. In 2008/2009 4.6 percent of fr
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Deaths In the Netherlands, smoking
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Offences by drug users Drug users c
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Opiates Ecstasy Amphetamine Alcohol
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1 Introduction The National Drug Mo
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use, particularly cannabis, under-r
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information is available, this is b
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2 Cannabis Cannabis (Cannabis Sativ
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Figure 2.1 Cannabis users in the Ne
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Figure 2.2 Cannabis use among secon
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Cannabis and problem behaviour •
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Table 2.4 Cannabis use among pupils
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Table 2.5 Current cannabis use in s
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• The sharp increase in treatment
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Trends It is difficult to determine
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• The role of cannabis in all req
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- misuse or dependence on alcohol a
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At the Ambulance Transport Centre (
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• So far, epidemiological studies
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Quality and price The Trimbos Insti
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3 Cocaine Cocaine works as a stimul
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Age, gender and urbanisation level
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Special groups In certain groups of
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Table 3.3 Cocaine use in special gr
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and 7.7% in the U.K (England and Wa
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Table 3.5 Cocaine use among school-
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Figure 3.2 Number of (outpatient) a
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Figure 3.4 Admissions to general ho
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The Netherlands Cause-of-Death stat
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• Little is known as yet about a
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4.2 Usage: general population Heroi
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• In the province of Gelderland,
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Figure 4.1 Estimates of the number
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and syringes exchanged has been reg
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• Between 2001 and 2004 the numbe
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- misuse of or dependence on alcoho
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same time it should be noted that t
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International comparison The Europe
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The total number of chronic hepatit
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• It is thought that risk behavio
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the ICD-9 classification. Drug deat
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Amsterdam GGD Amsterdam reports the
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Figure 4.9 Number of drug-induced d
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• Pupils attending REC-4 schools
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5.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
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• In 2008, key observers in Amste
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Table 5.3 Use of Ecstasy and amphet
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Table 5.4a Use of amphetamines and
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Table 5.5a Ecstasy use among school
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Ecstasy • The number of (outpatie
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Figure 5.3 Numbers registered with
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• The same person may be admitted
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• The number of requests for info
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According to the EMCDDA, in other E
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Figure 5.6 Concentration of MDMA in
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Table 5.9 Number of samples contain
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• Consumers who had drug samples
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6.2 Usage: general population The r
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GHB use is more common among juveni
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• GHB use among school-goers is l
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Table 6.4 GHB incidents registered
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• Of the liquid samples sold as G
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• Total deaths from alcohol-relat
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Figure 7.1 Alcohol consumption amon
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Ethnic background • Among seconda
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Table 7.3 Percentage of current dri
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Table 7.4 Alcohol use in the social
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Holiday-makers • Research conduct
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Figure 7.3 Heavy drinkers by gender
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The countries with the lowest perce
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• In France it is more likely tha
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Figure 7.6 Age distribution of prim
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• In 2008, 337 day-care admission
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• In approximately 1,200 admissio
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Table 7.9 Estimated number of injur
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• On the basis of current researc
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Figure 7.10 Deaths from alcohol use
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• EU member states have different
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• Surveys by the Continuous Surve
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Figure 8.1 Percentage of smokers in
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8.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
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Special education Table 8.3 shows t
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Table 8.4 Smokers in the EU-15 plus
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medication, Champix ® , which was
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among passive smoking men, the elev
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Table 8.6 Deaths from lung cancer a
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Since 1 January 2003 it is no longe
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Table 8.8 Cigarette prices and taxe
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eported. These refer to 2007 in the
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Table 9.1 Criminal investigations i
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Table 9.2 Number of dismantled prod
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Table 9.3 Characteristics of suspec
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Figure 9.2 Number of Opium Act case
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Table 9.5 Opium Act cases as a perc
Page 209 and 210: Disposals by the courts (in the fir
Page 211 and 212: • Financial orders (Public Prosec
Page 213 and 214: Table 9.9 Prevalence of new crimina
Page 215 and 216: 10.2 Drug use among offenders Drug-
Page 217 and 218: • In some two-thirds of cases opi
Page 219 and 220: I, II Table 10.2 Number of times th
Page 221 and 222: • The ISD has a capacity of 1,000
Page 223 and 224: • Although there are some female
Page 225 and 226: Clinical admission Admission to a h
Page 227 and 228: Mellow Type of music at raves that
Page 229 and 230: Secondary diagnosis A secondary or
Page 231 and 232: Dismissal on policy grounds Decisio
Page 233 and 234: eintegration and rehabilitation of
Page 235 and 236: I. Use and problem use Source Targe
Page 237 and 238: II. Treatment demand and treatment
Page 239 and 240: IV. Market information Source Targe
Page 241 and 242: Source Target group/subject Sources
Page 244 and 245: Appendix C Explanation of ICD-9 and
Page 246 and 247: Appendix D Websites in the area of
Page 248 and 249: Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sp
Page 250: Appendix E Drug use in a number of
Page 254 and 255: References Adlaf, E.M., Korf, D.J.,
Page 256 and 257: Coumans, A.M. (2005). Survival on t
Page 258 and 259: Ganpat, S., Wits, E., Schoenmakers,
Page 262 and 263: Monshouwer, K., Smit, F., De Graaf,
Page 264 and 265: Rigter, H., Van Laar, M. (2002). Ep
Page 266 and 267: Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal (2
Page 268 and 269: Van Leeuwen, F.E. (1999). Epidemiol
Page 270: In the Netherlands various monitori
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