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Offences by drug users Drug users committing fewer property crimes but more violent crimes The decline in criminality in the Netherlands, in particular the considerable drop in property crime appears to be partly related to a reduction in criminality among opiate users. There has been a decrease in the number of problem drug users with a high level of criminal recidivism entering the law enforcement system. The decline is particularly marked among addicts whose primary addiction is heroin, who are mainly responsible for property crimes. However, there is a rising trend of violent crime among drug users, which may be explained by an increase in crack cocaine use. No change in the percentage of detainees with a drug problem Recent studies conducted among Dutch detainees found that some 30 to 38 percent were battling with problem drug use or a drug addiction in the year prior to detention. A large number of problem drug users are found among the very active repeat offenders and those placed in an Institution for Prolific Offenders (ISD). Increasing use of Probation and Aftercare for addicts Probation and Aftercare for addicts is dealing with an ever growing number of clients. In 2007 and 2008 these numbered between 17,000 and over 18,000. The number of activities undertaken by Probation and Aftercare for addicts also shows a rising trend. There have been more instances of supervision, and an increase in the number of diagnoses (which also takes account of the reduction of the re-offending risk estimation scales); and a greater number of reports has been issued. Institutions for Prolific Offenders (ISD) In 2007 there were 295 new ISD detainees and in 2008 292. The average per month for 2007 was 662 in 2007 and 607 in 2008. Most detainees follow a regime of behavioural interventions either inside the penitentiary establishment or outside it. A minority of 21 to 24 percent remains in a basic regime without behavioural interventions. Summary 23
Table 1a Key Data on Substance Use Cannabis General Population Usage (2005) - Percentage of recent users 5.4% - Percentage of current users I 3.3% Cocaine 0.6% 0.3% - Trend recent use (2001-2005) Stable Stable - International Comparison Slightly below average Below average Use among juveniles, school-goers 2007) - Percentage of current users, 12-18 years 8% 0.8% - Trend 12-18 years (1996-2007) Downward Stable - International comparison, 15/16 years Above average Average Number of problem users 29 300 (dependence) 40 200 (misuse) Unknown Number of Addiction Care clients (2008) - Substance as primary problem - Substance as secondary problem 8 410 5 940 9 686 7 581 - Trend (2002-2008) Rising Rising to 2004, thereafter stabilising Number of hospital admissions (2008) - Misuse/dependence as main diagnosis - Misuse/dependence as secondary diagnosis 57 476 131 617 - Trend (2002 – 2008) Rising Rising Registered deaths (2008)V No primary deaths 22 (primary) I. Recent use: in the past year; current use is in the past month. b = boys, g=girls. II. Between 2003 and 2007. III. Estimate from 2003. Some 478,000 people were diagnosed with alcohol use or dependence in 2007-2009. IV. Based on heavy smokers (20 or more cigarettes a day)According to new estimation methods. Numbers do not differ significantly from previous estimates. V. Primary death: substance as primary (underlying) cause of death. Secondary death: substance as secondary cause of death (contributory factor or complication). VI. Not taking account of road deaths or cancer-related deaths. 24 Netherlands National Drug Monitor - NDM Annual Report 2009
Page 1 and 2: Netherlands National Drug Monitor N
Page 3 and 4: Colophon Project Manager Dr. M.W. v
Page 6: Preface This is already the tenth A
Page 9 and 10: 5.4 Problem Use 113 5.5 Usage: Inte
Page 12 and 13: List of abreviations and acronyms 2
Page 14 and 15: NEMESIS NFU NIGZ NMG NPO NRI NVIC N
Page 16 and 17: Summary Below is an outline of the
Page 18 and 19: The number of hospital admissions c
Page 20 and 21: GHB. In 2008/2009 4.6 percent of fr
Page 22 and 23: Deaths In the Netherlands, smoking
Page 26 and 27: Opiates Ecstasy Amphetamine Alcohol
Page 28 and 29: 1 Introduction The National Drug Mo
Page 30 and 31: use, particularly cannabis, under-r
Page 32 and 33: information is available, this is b
Page 34 and 35: 2 Cannabis Cannabis (Cannabis Sativ
Page 36 and 37: Figure 2.1 Cannabis users in the Ne
Page 38 and 39: Figure 2.2 Cannabis use among secon
Page 40 and 41: Cannabis and problem behaviour •
Page 42 and 43: Table 2.4 Cannabis use among pupils
Page 44 and 45: Table 2.5 Current cannabis use in s
Page 46 and 47: • The sharp increase in treatment
Page 48 and 49: Trends It is difficult to determine
Page 50 and 51: • The role of cannabis in all req
Page 52 and 53: - misuse or dependence on alcohol a
Page 54 and 55: At the Ambulance Transport Centre (
Page 56 and 57: • So far, epidemiological studies
Page 58 and 59: Quality and price The Trimbos Insti
Page 60 and 61: 3 Cocaine Cocaine works as a stimul
Page 62 and 63: Age, gender and urbanisation level
Page 64 and 65: Special groups In certain groups of
Page 66 and 67: Table 3.3 Cocaine use in special gr
Page 68 and 69: and 7.7% in the U.K (England and Wa
Page 70 and 71: Table 3.5 Cocaine use among school-
Page 72 and 73: Figure 3.2 Number of (outpatient) a
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Figure 3.4 Admissions to general ho
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The Netherlands Cause-of-Death stat
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• Little is known as yet about a
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4.2 Usage: general population Heroi
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• In the province of Gelderland,
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Figure 4.1 Estimates of the number
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and syringes exchanged has been reg
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• Between 2001 and 2004 the numbe
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- misuse of or dependence on alcoho
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same time it should be noted that t
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International comparison The Europe
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The total number of chronic hepatit
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• It is thought that risk behavio
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the ICD-9 classification. Drug deat
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Amsterdam GGD Amsterdam reports the
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Figure 4.9 Number of drug-induced d
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• Pupils attending REC-4 schools
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5.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
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• In 2008, key observers in Amste
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Table 5.3 Use of Ecstasy and amphet
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Table 5.4a Use of amphetamines and
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Table 5.5a Ecstasy use among school
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Ecstasy • The number of (outpatie
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Figure 5.3 Numbers registered with
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• The same person may be admitted
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• The number of requests for info
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According to the EMCDDA, in other E
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Figure 5.6 Concentration of MDMA in
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Table 5.9 Number of samples contain
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• Consumers who had drug samples
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6.2 Usage: general population The r
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GHB use is more common among juveni
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• GHB use among school-goers is l
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Table 6.4 GHB incidents registered
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• Of the liquid samples sold as G
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• Total deaths from alcohol-relat
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Figure 7.1 Alcohol consumption amon
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Ethnic background • Among seconda
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Table 7.3 Percentage of current dri
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Table 7.4 Alcohol use in the social
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Holiday-makers • Research conduct
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Figure 7.3 Heavy drinkers by gender
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The countries with the lowest perce
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• In France it is more likely tha
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Figure 7.6 Age distribution of prim
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• In 2008, 337 day-care admission
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• In approximately 1,200 admissio
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Table 7.9 Estimated number of injur
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• On the basis of current researc
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Figure 7.10 Deaths from alcohol use
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• EU member states have different
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• Surveys by the Continuous Surve
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Figure 8.1 Percentage of smokers in
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8.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
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Special education Table 8.3 shows t
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Table 8.4 Smokers in the EU-15 plus
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medication, Champix ® , which was
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among passive smoking men, the elev
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Table 8.6 Deaths from lung cancer a
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Since 1 January 2003 it is no longe
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Table 8.8 Cigarette prices and taxe
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eported. These refer to 2007 in the
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Table 9.1 Criminal investigations i
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Table 9.2 Number of dismantled prod
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Table 9.3 Characteristics of suspec
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Figure 9.2 Number of Opium Act case
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Table 9.5 Opium Act cases as a perc
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Disposals by the courts (in the fir
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• Financial orders (Public Prosec
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Table 9.9 Prevalence of new crimina
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10.2 Drug use among offenders Drug-
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• In some two-thirds of cases opi
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I, II Table 10.2 Number of times th
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• The ISD has a capacity of 1,000
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• Although there are some female
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Clinical admission Admission to a h
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Mellow Type of music at raves that
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Secondary diagnosis A secondary or
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Dismissal on policy grounds Decisio
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eintegration and rehabilitation of
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I. Use and problem use Source Targe
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II. Treatment demand and treatment
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IV. Market information Source Targe
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Source Target group/subject Sources
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Appendix C Explanation of ICD-9 and
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Appendix D Websites in the area of
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Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sp
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Appendix E Drug use in a number of
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References Adlaf, E.M., Korf, D.J.,
Page 256 and 257:
Coumans, A.M. (2005). Survival on t
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Ganpat, S., Wits, E., Schoenmakers,
Page 260 and 261:
Knibbe, R.A., Joosten, J., Derickx,
Page 262 and 263:
Monshouwer, K., Smit, F., De Graaf,
Page 264 and 265:
Rigter, H., Van Laar, M. (2002). Ep
Page 266 and 267:
Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal (2
Page 268 and 269:
Van Leeuwen, F.E. (1999). Epidemiol
Page 270:
In the Netherlands various monitori
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