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Table 7.8 Requests for information on account of exposure to alcohol from the National Poisons Information Centre (NVIC) from 2000 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total 1 372 1 247 1 403 1 709 1 817 1 780 1 658 1 979 2 103 - % in 13-17 age group 4% 5% 4% 5% 7% 8% 8% 8% 7% - % alcohol and medicines 77% 75% 68% 72% 73% 75% 74% Number of information requests annually submitted via the NVIC 24-hour helpline. Requests via the website www.vergiftigingen.info (online since April 2007) were included for the first time in 2008. Source: NVIC, RIVM. Driving under the Influence The percentage of drink-drivers remained stable in 2007 (Transport Ministry, 2008). • Sobriety tests conducted during weekend nights in 2007 showed that 3.0% of the tested motorists had more than 0.5 pro mille of alcohol in their blood. This is the same as in 2006, when the number was likewise 3%. However, compared to 2001, a decline has taken place (4.1% in 2001, compared to 3% in 2007). • In 2007 there were more male than female drink-drivers (3.6% versus 1.8%). • After reductions in earlier years among both males and females, the percentage of offences remained stable in 2007 in both groups. • The highest percentage of drink-drivers among males is in the 35-49 age group (4.5%); among females it is in the 25-34 age group (2.1%). • The percentage of drink-drivers is highest between 2.00 and 4.00 a.m., particularly on Friday night/Saturday morning (7.3%). According to the traffic and shipping service (DVS), there were an estimated 2,300 road deaths plus hospital admissions due to alcohol use in 2007 (table 7.9) (Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management). 4 • The total number of alcohol-related hospital admissions and deaths has dropped since 1998 (Table 7.9). • The percentage of alcohol-related traffic-accident deaths and hospital admissions has also dropped in relation to the total number of traffic-accident deaths and hospital admissions. - In 1996 19% of traffic-accident deaths and hospital admissions were alcoholrelated; in 2007 the rate was 12%. 4 Data overlap partly with those of LIS, Consumer and Safety. 7 Alcohol 167
Table 7.9 Estimated number of injuries and deaths in traffic accidents involving alcohol use, from 1998 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Deaths 225 210 200 180 170 170 135 115 100 95 Hospital admissions 3 600 3 500 3 200 3 000 3 000 2 900 2 800 2 500 2 100 2 200 Source: Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management: traffic and shipping service (DVS), 7.7 Illness and deaths Illnesses Moderate alcohol consumption: new insights To date, it has appeared that moderate alcohol consumption was not harmful. In fact, light alcohol consumption is supposed to offer some protection against cardio-vascular illness. • Against this background, the Dutch Health Council (2006) in its ‘Healthy Eating Guidelines’ recommended alcohol intake of no more than two standard measures daily for men and no more that one standard measure daily for women. Only young people under the age of 18 and women who might be pregnant or were breastfeeding were advised to abstain from alcohol. • However, recent research has given rise to the supposition that even moderate alcohol might not be without risks (Lauer & Sorlie, 2009). Moderate alcohol consumption can increase susceptibility to certain forms of cancer. It is probable that this disadvantage of an elevated cancer risk is no longer outweighed by the benefits of a reduced risk of cardio-vascular illness. Therefore, a universally applicable ‘safe lower limit’ for alcohol consumption which would rule out an elevated cancer risk cannot be established (SAR, 2010). Excessive alcohol use The harmful effects of excessive alcohol use are numerous. • Alcohol use is related to over 60 medical conditions. For most of these, risk increases according as more alcohol is consumed Anderson & Baumberg, 2006; Room et al., 2005). • Globally, alcohol use causes almost as many deaths and illnesses as smoking and high blood pressure. The global illness burden from alcohol has been calculated to be 4.6 percent (Rehm et al., 2009). Excessive alcohol use increases the risk of certain types of cancer (KWF Dutch Cancer Society, 2004; Lauer & Sorlie, 2009). • Drinking two or more units of alcohol daily increases the risk of cancer of the mouth and throat, as well as a certain type of oesophageal cancer. The risk is further exacerbated for those who smoke as well. 168 Netherlands National Drug Monitor - NDM Annual Report 2009
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Netherlands National Drug Monitor N
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Colophon Project Manager Dr. M.W. v
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Preface This is already the tenth A
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5.4 Problem Use 113 5.5 Usage: Inte
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List of abreviations and acronyms 2
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NEMESIS NFU NIGZ NMG NPO NRI NVIC N
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Summary Below is an outline of the
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The number of hospital admissions c
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GHB. In 2008/2009 4.6 percent of fr
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Deaths In the Netherlands, smoking
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Offences by drug users Drug users c
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Opiates Ecstasy Amphetamine Alcohol
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1 Introduction The National Drug Mo
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use, particularly cannabis, under-r
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information is available, this is b
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2 Cannabis Cannabis (Cannabis Sativ
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Figure 2.1 Cannabis users in the Ne
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Figure 2.2 Cannabis use among secon
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Cannabis and problem behaviour •
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Table 2.4 Cannabis use among pupils
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Table 2.5 Current cannabis use in s
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• The sharp increase in treatment
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Trends It is difficult to determine
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• The role of cannabis in all req
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- misuse or dependence on alcohol a
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At the Ambulance Transport Centre (
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• So far, epidemiological studies
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Quality and price The Trimbos Insti
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3 Cocaine Cocaine works as a stimul
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Age, gender and urbanisation level
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Special groups In certain groups of
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Table 3.3 Cocaine use in special gr
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and 7.7% in the U.K (England and Wa
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Table 3.5 Cocaine use among school-
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Figure 3.2 Number of (outpatient) a
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Figure 3.4 Admissions to general ho
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The Netherlands Cause-of-Death stat
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• Little is known as yet about a
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4.2 Usage: general population Heroi
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• In the province of Gelderland,
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Figure 4.1 Estimates of the number
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and syringes exchanged has been reg
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• Between 2001 and 2004 the numbe
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- misuse of or dependence on alcoho
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same time it should be noted that t
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International comparison The Europe
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The total number of chronic hepatit
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• It is thought that risk behavio
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the ICD-9 classification. Drug deat
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Amsterdam GGD Amsterdam reports the
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Figure 4.9 Number of drug-induced d
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• Pupils attending REC-4 schools
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5.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
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• In 2008, key observers in Amste
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Table 5.3 Use of Ecstasy and amphet
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Table 5.4a Use of amphetamines and
Page 117 and 118: Table 5.5a Ecstasy use among school
Page 119 and 120: Ecstasy • The number of (outpatie
Page 121 and 122: Figure 5.3 Numbers registered with
Page 123 and 124: • The same person may be admitted
Page 125 and 126: • The number of requests for info
Page 127 and 128: According to the EMCDDA, in other E
Page 129 and 130: Figure 5.6 Concentration of MDMA in
Page 131 and 132: Table 5.9 Number of samples contain
Page 133 and 134: • Consumers who had drug samples
Page 135 and 136: 6.2 Usage: general population The r
Page 137 and 138: GHB use is more common among juveni
Page 139 and 140: • GHB use among school-goers is l
Page 141 and 142: Table 6.4 GHB incidents registered
Page 143 and 144: • Of the liquid samples sold as G
Page 145 and 146: • Total deaths from alcohol-relat
Page 147 and 148: Figure 7.1 Alcohol consumption amon
Page 149 and 150: Ethnic background • Among seconda
Page 151 and 152: Table 7.3 Percentage of current dri
Page 153 and 154: Table 7.4 Alcohol use in the social
Page 155 and 156: Holiday-makers • Research conduct
Page 157 and 158: Figure 7.3 Heavy drinkers by gender
Page 159 and 160: The countries with the lowest perce
Page 161 and 162: • In France it is more likely tha
Page 163 and 164: Figure 7.6 Age distribution of prim
Page 165 and 166: • In 2008, 337 day-care admission
Page 167: • In approximately 1,200 admissio
Page 171 and 172: • On the basis of current researc
Page 173 and 174: Figure 7.10 Deaths from alcohol use
Page 175 and 176: • EU member states have different
Page 177 and 178: • Surveys by the Continuous Surve
Page 179 and 180: Figure 8.1 Percentage of smokers in
Page 181 and 182: 8.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
Page 183 and 184: Special education Table 8.3 shows t
Page 185 and 186: Table 8.4 Smokers in the EU-15 plus
Page 187 and 188: medication, Champix ® , which was
Page 189 and 190: among passive smoking men, the elev
Page 191 and 192: Table 8.6 Deaths from lung cancer a
Page 193 and 194: Since 1 January 2003 it is no longe
Page 195 and 196: Table 8.8 Cigarette prices and taxe
Page 197 and 198: eported. These refer to 2007 in the
Page 199 and 200: Table 9.1 Criminal investigations i
Page 201 and 202: Table 9.2 Number of dismantled prod
Page 203 and 204: Table 9.3 Characteristics of suspec
Page 205 and 206: Figure 9.2 Number of Opium Act case
Page 207 and 208: Table 9.5 Opium Act cases as a perc
Page 209 and 210: Disposals by the courts (in the fir
Page 211 and 212: • Financial orders (Public Prosec
Page 213 and 214: Table 9.9 Prevalence of new crimina
Page 215 and 216: 10.2 Drug use among offenders Drug-
Page 217 and 218: • In some two-thirds of cases opi
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I, II Table 10.2 Number of times th
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• The ISD has a capacity of 1,000
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• Although there are some female
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Clinical admission Admission to a h
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Mellow Type of music at raves that
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Secondary diagnosis A secondary or
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Dismissal on policy grounds Decisio
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eintegration and rehabilitation of
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I. Use and problem use Source Targe
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II. Treatment demand and treatment
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IV. Market information Source Targe
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Source Target group/subject Sources
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Appendix C Explanation of ICD-9 and
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Appendix D Websites in the area of
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Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sp
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Appendix E Drug use in a number of
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References Adlaf, E.M., Korf, D.J.,
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Coumans, A.M. (2005). Survival on t
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Ganpat, S., Wits, E., Schoenmakers,
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Knibbe, R.A., Joosten, J., Derickx,
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Monshouwer, K., Smit, F., De Graaf,
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Rigter, H., Van Laar, M. (2002). Ep
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Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal (2
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Van Leeuwen, F.E. (1999). Epidemiol
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In the Netherlands various monitori
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