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Monshouwer, K., Smit, F., De Graaf, R., Van Os, J., Vollebergh, W. (2005). First cannabis use: does onset shift to younger ages Findings from 1988 to 2003 from the Dutch National School Survey on Substance Use. Addiction, 100(7): 963-970. Monshouwer, K., Smit, F., Spruit, I. (2002). Alcohol-, tabak- en cannabisgebruik bij scholieren naar etnische achtergrond. Tijdschrift voor gezondheidswetenschappen, 80(3): 172-177. Monshouwer, K., Van Dorsselaer, S., Verdurmen, J., Ter Bogt, T., De Graaf, R., Vollebergh, W. (2006). Cannabis use and mental health in secondary school children: findings from a Dutch survey. British Journal of Psychiatry, 188(2): 148-153. Monshouwer, K., Verdurmen, J., Van Dorsselaer, S., Smit, E., Gorter, A., Vollebergh, W. (2008). Jeugd en riskant gedrag 2007: kerngegevens uit het Peilstationsonderzoek scholieren: roken, drinken, drugsgebruik en gokken onder scholieren vanaf tien jaar. Utrecht: Trimbos-instituut. Moore, T.H., Zammit, S., Lingford-Hughes, A., Barnes, T.R., Jones, P.B., Burke, M., Lewis, G. (2007). Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: a systematic review. Lancet, 370(9584): 319-328. Moser, M.S., Purssell, R.A. (2000). Gamma-hydroxybutyrate overdose and coma: a case report. Canadian Journal of Emergency Medical Care, 2(3): 203-205. Mulder, J. (2005). Indrinken op eigen erf: onderzoek naar jongerenontmoetingsplekken in keten en hokken op het platteland. Utrecht: Stichting Alcoholpreventie. Nabben, T., Quaak, L., Korf, D.J. (2005). NL.Trendwatch: gebruikersmarkt uitgaansdrugs in Nederland, 2004-2005. Amsterdam: Rozenberg Publishers. Nabben, T., Benschop, A., Korf, D.J. (2006). Antenne 2005: trends in alcohol, tabak en drugs bij jonge Amsterdammers. Amsterdam: Rozenberg Publishers. Nabben, T., Benschop, A., Korf, D.J. (2007a). Antenne 2006: trends in alcohol, tabak en drugs bij jonge Amsterdammers. Amsterdam: Rozenberg Publishers. Nabben, T., Koet, S., Korf, D.J. (2007b). NL.Trendwatch: gebruikersmarkt uitgaansdrugs in Nederland, 2006-2007. Amsterdam: Rozenberg.Nabben, T., Benschop, A., Korf, D.J. (2008). Antenne 2007: trends in alcohol, tabak en drugs bij jonge Amsterdammers. Amsterdam: Rozenberg Publishers. Negus, S.S., Mello, N.K., Blough, B.E., Baumann, M.H., Rothman, R.B. (2007). Monoamine releasers with varying selectivity for dopamine/norepinephrine versus serotonin release as candidate “agonist” medications for cocaine dependence: studies in assays of cocaine discrimination and cocaine self-administration in rhesus monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 320(2): 627-636. Niesink, R., Rigter, S., Hoek, J., Goldschmidt, H. (2007). THC-concentraties in wiet, nederwiet en hasj in Nederlandse coffeeshops (2006-2007). Utrecht: Trimbosinstituut. Niesink, R., Rigter, S., Hoek, J., Goldschmidt, H. (2008). THC-concentraties in wiet, nederwiet en hasj in Nederlandse coffeeshops (2007-2008). Utrecht: Trimbosinstituut. References 261
Niesink, R., Rigter, S., Hoek, J., Den Boer, N. (2009). THC-concentraties in wiet, nederwiet en hasj in Nederlandse coffeeshops (2008-2009). Utrecht: Trimbosinstituut. Oliemeulen, L., Vuijk, P., Rovers, B., Van den Eijnden, R. (2007). Problematische alcoholgebruikers, druggebruikers en gokkers in het gevangeniswezen. Rotterdam: IVO. Openbaar Ministerie (2009). Aanwijzing opiumwet (2000A019). Den Haag: Openbaar Ministerie. Ouwehand, A.W., Kuijpers, W.G.T., Wisselink, D.J., Van Delden, E.B. (2009). Kerncijfers Verslavingszorg 2007: tabellenboek: Landelijk Alcohol en Drugs Informatie Systeem (LADIS). Houten: IVZ. Ouwehand, A.W., Kuijpers, W.G.T., Mol, A., Wisselink, D.J., Van Delden, E.B. (2010). Gegevensverstrekking uit LADIS 2008 aan het Trimbos-instituut voor de actualisering van de schatting van het aantal problematische harddrugsgebruikers (interne publicatie). Houten: IVZ. Parsons, J.T., Grov, C., Kelly, B.C. (2009). Club drug use and dependence among young adults recruited through time-space sampling. Public Health Reports, 124(2): 246-254. Pennings, E.J., Leccese, A.P., Wolff, F.A. (2002). Effects of concurrent use of alcohol and cocaine. Addiction, 97(7): 773-783. Peters, R.J.G. (2007). Nieuwe wetenschappelijke argumenten voor het verder terugdringen van tabaksgebruik, ook in horecagelegenheden. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, 151(3): 167-168. Peters, G.J.Y., Kok, G., Schaalma, H. P. (2008). Careers in ecstasy use: do ecstasy users cease of their own accord Implications for intervention development. BMC Public Health. Poppelier, A., Van de Wiel, A., Van de Mheen, D. (2002). Overdaad schaadt: een inventarisatie van de lichamelijke gevolgen van sociaal geaccepteerd alcoholgebruik en binge-drinken. Rotterdam: IVO. Productschap Dranken (2008a). De feiten over accijns op alcoholhoudende dranken. Schiedam: Productschap Dranken. Productschap Dranken (2008b). Jaarverslag 2008. Rotterdam: Productschap Dranken. Productschap Wijn (2009). Jaarverslag 2007. Den Haag: Productschap Wijn. Quo Fadis: Qua Uitvoering Onderzoeksmatig Fries Alcohol en Drugs Informatie Systeem (2009). Stand van zaken genotmiddelengebruik in Fryslân samengesteld door Quo Fadis. Feitenblad genotmiddelen, 11: 1-4. Rehm, J., Mathers, C., Popova, S., Thavorncharoensap, M., Teerawattananon, Y., Patra, J. (2009). Global burden of disease and injury and economic cost attributable to alcohol use and alcohol-use disorders. Lancet, 373: 2223-2233. Reitz, C., Den Heijer, T., Van Duijn, C., Hofman, A., Breteler, M.M. (2007). Relation between smoking and risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease: the Rotterdam Study. Neurology, 69(10): 998-1005. 262 Netherlands National Drug Monitor - NDM Annual Report 2009
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Netherlands National Drug Monitor N
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Colophon Project Manager Dr. M.W. v
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Preface This is already the tenth A
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5.4 Problem Use 113 5.5 Usage: Inte
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List of abreviations and acronyms 2
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NEMESIS NFU NIGZ NMG NPO NRI NVIC N
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Summary Below is an outline of the
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The number of hospital admissions c
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GHB. In 2008/2009 4.6 percent of fr
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Deaths In the Netherlands, smoking
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Offences by drug users Drug users c
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Opiates Ecstasy Amphetamine Alcohol
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1 Introduction The National Drug Mo
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use, particularly cannabis, under-r
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information is available, this is b
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2 Cannabis Cannabis (Cannabis Sativ
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Figure 2.1 Cannabis users in the Ne
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Figure 2.2 Cannabis use among secon
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Cannabis and problem behaviour •
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Table 2.4 Cannabis use among pupils
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Table 2.5 Current cannabis use in s
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• The sharp increase in treatment
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Trends It is difficult to determine
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• The role of cannabis in all req
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- misuse or dependence on alcohol a
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At the Ambulance Transport Centre (
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• So far, epidemiological studies
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Quality and price The Trimbos Insti
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3 Cocaine Cocaine works as a stimul
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Age, gender and urbanisation level
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Special groups In certain groups of
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Table 3.3 Cocaine use in special gr
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and 7.7% in the U.K (England and Wa
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Table 3.5 Cocaine use among school-
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Figure 3.2 Number of (outpatient) a
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Figure 3.4 Admissions to general ho
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The Netherlands Cause-of-Death stat
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• Little is known as yet about a
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4.2 Usage: general population Heroi
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• In the province of Gelderland,
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Figure 4.1 Estimates of the number
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and syringes exchanged has been reg
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• Between 2001 and 2004 the numbe
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- misuse of or dependence on alcoho
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same time it should be noted that t
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International comparison The Europe
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The total number of chronic hepatit
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• It is thought that risk behavio
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the ICD-9 classification. Drug deat
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Amsterdam GGD Amsterdam reports the
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Figure 4.9 Number of drug-induced d
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• Pupils attending REC-4 schools
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5.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
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• In 2008, key observers in Amste
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Table 5.3 Use of Ecstasy and amphet
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Table 5.4a Use of amphetamines and
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Table 5.5a Ecstasy use among school
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Ecstasy • The number of (outpatie
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Figure 5.3 Numbers registered with
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• The same person may be admitted
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• The number of requests for info
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According to the EMCDDA, in other E
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Figure 5.6 Concentration of MDMA in
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Table 5.9 Number of samples contain
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• Consumers who had drug samples
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6.2 Usage: general population The r
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GHB use is more common among juveni
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• GHB use among school-goers is l
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Table 6.4 GHB incidents registered
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• Of the liquid samples sold as G
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• Total deaths from alcohol-relat
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Figure 7.1 Alcohol consumption amon
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Ethnic background • Among seconda
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Table 7.3 Percentage of current dri
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Table 7.4 Alcohol use in the social
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Holiday-makers • Research conduct
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Figure 7.3 Heavy drinkers by gender
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The countries with the lowest perce
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• In France it is more likely tha
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Figure 7.6 Age distribution of prim
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• In 2008, 337 day-care admission
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• In approximately 1,200 admissio
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Table 7.9 Estimated number of injur
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• On the basis of current researc
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Figure 7.10 Deaths from alcohol use
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• EU member states have different
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• Surveys by the Continuous Surve
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Figure 8.1 Percentage of smokers in
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8.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
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Special education Table 8.3 shows t
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Table 8.4 Smokers in the EU-15 plus
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medication, Champix ® , which was
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among passive smoking men, the elev
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Table 8.6 Deaths from lung cancer a
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Since 1 January 2003 it is no longe
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Table 8.8 Cigarette prices and taxe
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eported. These refer to 2007 in the
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Table 9.1 Criminal investigations i
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Table 9.2 Number of dismantled prod
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Table 9.3 Characteristics of suspec
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Figure 9.2 Number of Opium Act case
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Table 9.5 Opium Act cases as a perc
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Disposals by the courts (in the fir
Page 211 and 212: • Financial orders (Public Prosec
Page 213 and 214: Table 9.9 Prevalence of new crimina
Page 215 and 216: 10.2 Drug use among offenders Drug-
Page 217 and 218: • In some two-thirds of cases opi
Page 219 and 220: I, II Table 10.2 Number of times th
Page 221 and 222: • The ISD has a capacity of 1,000
Page 223 and 224: • Although there are some female
Page 225 and 226: Clinical admission Admission to a h
Page 227 and 228: Mellow Type of music at raves that
Page 229 and 230: Secondary diagnosis A secondary or
Page 231 and 232: Dismissal on policy grounds Decisio
Page 233 and 234: eintegration and rehabilitation of
Page 235 and 236: I. Use and problem use Source Targe
Page 237 and 238: II. Treatment demand and treatment
Page 239 and 240: IV. Market information Source Targe
Page 241 and 242: Source Target group/subject Sources
Page 244 and 245: Appendix C Explanation of ICD-9 and
Page 246 and 247: Appendix D Websites in the area of
Page 248 and 249: Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sp
Page 250: Appendix E Drug use in a number of
Page 254 and 255: References Adlaf, E.M., Korf, D.J.,
Page 256 and 257: Coumans, A.M. (2005). Survival on t
Page 258 and 259: Ganpat, S., Wits, E., Schoenmakers,
Page 260 and 261: Knibbe, R.A., Joosten, J., Derickx,
Page 264 and 265: Rigter, H., Van Laar, M. (2002). Ep
Page 266 and 267: Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal (2
Page 268 and 269: Van Leeuwen, F.E. (1999). Epidemiol
Page 270: In the Netherlands various monitori
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