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Table 9.6 Percentage of cases disposed of in court in the first instance, by hard and soft drugs, 2002-2008 I 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total cases (all laws) 128 808 148 266 145 905 145 165 146 754 139 769 140 694 Opium Act cases 10 703 12 714 12 143 12 199 13 023 11 845 11 487 % Opium Act of total 8% 9% 8% 8% 9% 8% 8% Opium Act by drug type - Hard drugs 66% 65% 58% 52% 50% 51% 51% - Soft drugs 31% 31% 38% 43% 45% 45% 45% - Hard and soft drugs 3% 3% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% Unknown 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% I. More than one case may be registered per accused. Source: OMDATA, WODC. Penalties imposed Data is available up to 2007 which can show which penalties are imposed on drug law offenders. Figure 9.6 shows the number of penalties imposed by the court in the first instance from 2002 to 2007: community orders, (partial) unconditional custodial sentences and fines, and the number of cases disposed of by the Public Prosecutor with a financial order 11 • The most frequently imposed penalty in 2007 consisted of community service orders. This number declined between 2006 and 2007, putting an end to the continuously rising trend up to 2007. • The average duration of a service order declined in 2007 compared to previous years. The average number of community service days imposed in 2007 was 106 days, which is relatively short (table 9.7). • In 2007, over 4,000 (partially) unconditional custodial sentences were handed down, which continues the clear decline since 2003. However, percentage-wise there was no change between 2006 and 2007 (17%; not in table). • The ratio of community service orders to (partially unconditional) custodial sentences was reversed between 2004 and 2005. Since then more community service orders than prison sentences have been imposed. • (Partially) unconditional) custodial sentences are mainly imposed for smuggling, production or trafficking of hard drugs. They are imposed relatively rarely for possession of soft drugs. In recent years community service orders have mainly been handed down for smuggling, production or trafficking of soft drugs (Van Ooyen et al., 2009). • For a drugs offence, the average duration of a custodial sentence in 2007 was 340 days, which is longer than in 2006 (table 9.7). • In addition to (partially) unconditional) custodial sentences, fully conditional custodial sentences are handed down – a total of over 1,700 in 2007 (not shown). 11 The number of dispossessions cannot be retrieved in a reliable way from OMDATA and is therefore not listed. 9 Drug-related crime 209
• Financial orders (Public Prosecutor) are least common for Opium Act offences. The median amount was €250 in 2007 – in line with previous years (table 9.8). • In 2007, nearly 1,600 fines were imposed by the courts. This number has been declining since 2004. The median amount of a fine was 400 euro in 2007, which was less than in previous years (table 9.8). Figure 9.6 Penalties in Opium Act cases, 2002-2007 I 7500 Number 6000 4500 3000 1500 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Community service order Uncond. custodial sentence Financial order Fine 3052 3869 4390 5133 5656 4598 5766 6406 5394 4840 4771 4165 993 1118 1316 1176 1064 988 1813 1864 2110 1832 1799 1597 Source: OMDATA. Data processing: WODC. Table 9.7 Average duration (days) of community service orders and unconditional custodial sentences imposed for Opium Act violations, 2002-2008 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Community service order 120 128 117 112 113 106 Unconditional custodial sentence 431 389 376 335 311 340 Source: OMDATA, data processing, WODC. Table 9.8 Amount (median, in euros) of fines and financial orders in Opium Act cases, 2000-2008 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Financial orders 220 250 250 270 250 250 Fines 500 500 480 500 495 400 Source: OMDATA, Data processing: WODC. 210 Netherlands National Drug Monitor - NDM Annual Report 2009
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Netherlands National Drug Monitor N
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Colophon Project Manager Dr. M.W. v
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Preface This is already the tenth A
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5.4 Problem Use 113 5.5 Usage: Inte
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List of abreviations and acronyms 2
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NEMESIS NFU NIGZ NMG NPO NRI NVIC N
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Summary Below is an outline of the
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The number of hospital admissions c
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GHB. In 2008/2009 4.6 percent of fr
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Deaths In the Netherlands, smoking
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Offences by drug users Drug users c
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Opiates Ecstasy Amphetamine Alcohol
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1 Introduction The National Drug Mo
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use, particularly cannabis, under-r
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information is available, this is b
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2 Cannabis Cannabis (Cannabis Sativ
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Figure 2.1 Cannabis users in the Ne
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Figure 2.2 Cannabis use among secon
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Cannabis and problem behaviour •
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Table 2.4 Cannabis use among pupils
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Table 2.5 Current cannabis use in s
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• The sharp increase in treatment
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Trends It is difficult to determine
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• The role of cannabis in all req
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- misuse or dependence on alcohol a
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At the Ambulance Transport Centre (
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• So far, epidemiological studies
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Quality and price The Trimbos Insti
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3 Cocaine Cocaine works as a stimul
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Age, gender and urbanisation level
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Special groups In certain groups of
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Table 3.3 Cocaine use in special gr
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and 7.7% in the U.K (England and Wa
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Table 3.5 Cocaine use among school-
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Figure 3.2 Number of (outpatient) a
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Figure 3.4 Admissions to general ho
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The Netherlands Cause-of-Death stat
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• Little is known as yet about a
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4.2 Usage: general population Heroi
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• In the province of Gelderland,
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Figure 4.1 Estimates of the number
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and syringes exchanged has been reg
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• Between 2001 and 2004 the numbe
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- misuse of or dependence on alcoho
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same time it should be noted that t
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International comparison The Europe
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The total number of chronic hepatit
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• It is thought that risk behavio
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the ICD-9 classification. Drug deat
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Amsterdam GGD Amsterdam reports the
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Figure 4.9 Number of drug-induced d
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• Pupils attending REC-4 schools
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5.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
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• In 2008, key observers in Amste
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Table 5.3 Use of Ecstasy and amphet
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Table 5.4a Use of amphetamines and
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Table 5.5a Ecstasy use among school
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Ecstasy • The number of (outpatie
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Figure 5.3 Numbers registered with
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• The same person may be admitted
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• The number of requests for info
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According to the EMCDDA, in other E
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Figure 5.6 Concentration of MDMA in
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Table 5.9 Number of samples contain
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• Consumers who had drug samples
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6.2 Usage: general population The r
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GHB use is more common among juveni
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• GHB use among school-goers is l
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Table 6.4 GHB incidents registered
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• Of the liquid samples sold as G
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• Total deaths from alcohol-relat
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Figure 7.1 Alcohol consumption amon
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Ethnic background • Among seconda
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Table 7.3 Percentage of current dri
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Table 7.4 Alcohol use in the social
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Holiday-makers • Research conduct
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Figure 7.3 Heavy drinkers by gender
Page 159 and 160: The countries with the lowest perce
Page 161 and 162: • In France it is more likely tha
Page 163 and 164: Figure 7.6 Age distribution of prim
Page 165 and 166: • In 2008, 337 day-care admission
Page 167 and 168: • In approximately 1,200 admissio
Page 169 and 170: Table 7.9 Estimated number of injur
Page 171 and 172: • On the basis of current researc
Page 173 and 174: Figure 7.10 Deaths from alcohol use
Page 175 and 176: • EU member states have different
Page 177 and 178: • Surveys by the Continuous Surve
Page 179 and 180: Figure 8.1 Percentage of smokers in
Page 181 and 182: 8.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
Page 183 and 184: Special education Table 8.3 shows t
Page 185 and 186: Table 8.4 Smokers in the EU-15 plus
Page 187 and 188: medication, Champix ® , which was
Page 189 and 190: among passive smoking men, the elev
Page 191 and 192: Table 8.6 Deaths from lung cancer a
Page 193 and 194: Since 1 January 2003 it is no longe
Page 195 and 196: Table 8.8 Cigarette prices and taxe
Page 197 and 198: eported. These refer to 2007 in the
Page 199 and 200: Table 9.1 Criminal investigations i
Page 201 and 202: Table 9.2 Number of dismantled prod
Page 203 and 204: Table 9.3 Characteristics of suspec
Page 205 and 206: Figure 9.2 Number of Opium Act case
Page 207 and 208: Table 9.5 Opium Act cases as a perc
Page 209: Disposals by the courts (in the fir
Page 213 and 214: Table 9.9 Prevalence of new crimina
Page 215 and 216: 10.2 Drug use among offenders Drug-
Page 217 and 218: • In some two-thirds of cases opi
Page 219 and 220: I, II Table 10.2 Number of times th
Page 221 and 222: • The ISD has a capacity of 1,000
Page 223 and 224: • Although there are some female
Page 225 and 226: Clinical admission Admission to a h
Page 227 and 228: Mellow Type of music at raves that
Page 229 and 230: Secondary diagnosis A secondary or
Page 231 and 232: Dismissal on policy grounds Decisio
Page 233 and 234: eintegration and rehabilitation of
Page 235 and 236: I. Use and problem use Source Targe
Page 237 and 238: II. Treatment demand and treatment
Page 239 and 240: IV. Market information Source Targe
Page 241 and 242: Source Target group/subject Sources
Page 244 and 245: Appendix C Explanation of ICD-9 and
Page 246 and 247: Appendix D Websites in the area of
Page 248 and 249: Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sp
Page 250: Appendix E Drug use in a number of
Page 254 and 255: References Adlaf, E.M., Korf, D.J.,
Page 256 and 257: Coumans, A.M. (2005). Survival on t
Page 258 and 259: Ganpat, S., Wits, E., Schoenmakers,
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Knibbe, R.A., Joosten, J., Derickx,
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Monshouwer, K., Smit, F., De Graaf,
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Rigter, H., Van Laar, M. (2002). Ep
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Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal (2
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Van Leeuwen, F.E. (1999). Epidemiol
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In the Netherlands various monitori
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