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not statistically significant. The percentage of current binge drinking was highest in North (88%), followed by South (87%), West (86%) and Central (82%). These differences were likewise not statistically significant. - On the basis of these regional data, a national estimate of this substance use among clubbers is being drawn up. These data were not available for this Annual Report, but will be included in the final report of the social scene survey. • Alcohol consumption is lower among fans of Hip-hop/Rap/R&B than among fans of Pop/Rock or Dance/House/Techno. This may be associated with the preference of young Moroccans for the former, since alcohol use is lower among the Moroccan community (Van Gelder et al., 2003). • In Amsterdam almost one third of bar-goers, coffee-shop clients and frequenters of fashionable clubs use alcohol daily or a few times a week, and consume at least four or five drinks on each occasion. Half the bar-goers drink alcohol a few times a week and 7% consume alcohol daily. The percentage of bar-goers that consume alcohol daily appears to have remained the same since 2000 (Benschop et al., 2009). • Young male holiday-makers on the island of Schouwen-Duiveland consumed an average of 24 alcoholic drinks per day of the holiday in 2002, rising to an average of 25 drinks in 2004 (Van de Luitgaarden et al., 2010). • The percentage of binge drinkers (6 or more drinks) among young people going out ranges in various studies from 49% to 80%. Pre-drinking • According to reports from key observers in the social scene, “pre-drinking” has been on the increase in recent years (Nabben et al., 2005). This can take place at home, on the street, in a ‘hangout’ , at a friend’s place, or indeed increasingly in bars themselves (encouraged by special offers). In general it appears to be mainly teenagers who engage in pre-drinking before a night out, in order to save money. • A survey conducted in 2005 among teenagers out socialising (aged 13-17) found that half of those who drink sometimes do so before going out. They pre-drink mainly at home (61%) or at a friend’s house (65%) (Bieleman et al., 2006). The percentages of pre-drinkers vary per age group: - A quarter (26%) of 13 year old socialising drinkers (or 1.5% of all 13 year olds). - 41% of 14/15 year old socialising drinkers (or 12% of all 14/15 year olds). - 56% of 16/17 year old socialising drinkers (or 39% of all 16/17 year olds). • Among clubbers in Amsterdam in 2008, pre-drinking occurred among a slight majority of 54% (Benschop et al., 2009). 7 Alcohol 151
Table 7.4 Alcohol use in the social youth scene Population Location Survey year Young people socialising in general Measure for alcohol useI Age % No. of drinks Nationwide 2005 Past year 13 14-15 16-17 19% 62% 87% Attending raves, outdoor festivals, city centre The Hague 2003 Past month Past week 15-35 88% 60% Bar-goers Zaandam 2006 Binge drinking: Six drinks or more Ten drinks or more 14-44 Average 21 64% 50% Frequenters of bars and sports club canteens Noordwijk 2004 Binge drinking: more than 6 drinks more than 10 drinks Average 23 61% 32% Disco-goers Nijmegen 2005 Binge drinking: 10 or more drinks 15-40 Average 21 29% Bar-goers Amsterdam 2005 Past month Daily or a few times weekly, at least four or five drinks per occasion Binge drinking: Six drinks or more Average 26 97% 33% 49% Clubbers Amsterdam 2003 High-risk drinking. Daily or a few times weekly, at least four or five drinks per occasion Average 28 33% 2008 Average 25 29% Young male holidaymakers Schouwen- Duiveland 2002 2004 Average no. of drinks per day of holiday Average 18 24 25 Attendees at parties and festivals Nationwide II 2008/ 2009 Ever Past year Past month Binge drinking past month Average 24 99% 97% 91% 80% The figures in this table are not mutually comparable on account of differences in age groups and research methods. I. The following definitions of binge drinking are used: Zaandam: 6/10 drinks or more on an average night out; Noordwijk: on average more than 6/10 drinks on a weekend night out; Nijmegen: 10 or more drinks on the evening of the survey; Amsterdam: 6/10 drinks when out on the town. II Low response (19%). Sources : Parnassia; GGD Zaanstreek-Waterland; Antenne, Bonger Institute for Criminology, University of Amsterdam; GGD Zuid-Holland Noord; Tendens, Iriszorg; Uitgaansonderzoek, Trimbos Institute/ University of Amsterdam; EXPLORE, Trimbos Institute/University of Utrecht. 152 Netherlands National Drug Monitor - NDM Annual Report 2009
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Netherlands National Drug Monitor N
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Colophon Project Manager Dr. M.W. v
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Preface This is already the tenth A
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5.4 Problem Use 113 5.5 Usage: Inte
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List of abreviations and acronyms 2
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NEMESIS NFU NIGZ NMG NPO NRI NVIC N
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Summary Below is an outline of the
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The number of hospital admissions c
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GHB. In 2008/2009 4.6 percent of fr
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Deaths In the Netherlands, smoking
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Offences by drug users Drug users c
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Opiates Ecstasy Amphetamine Alcohol
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1 Introduction The National Drug Mo
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use, particularly cannabis, under-r
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information is available, this is b
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2 Cannabis Cannabis (Cannabis Sativ
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Figure 2.1 Cannabis users in the Ne
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Figure 2.2 Cannabis use among secon
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Cannabis and problem behaviour •
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Table 2.4 Cannabis use among pupils
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Table 2.5 Current cannabis use in s
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• The sharp increase in treatment
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Trends It is difficult to determine
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• The role of cannabis in all req
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- misuse or dependence on alcohol a
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At the Ambulance Transport Centre (
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• So far, epidemiological studies
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Quality and price The Trimbos Insti
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3 Cocaine Cocaine works as a stimul
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Age, gender and urbanisation level
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Special groups In certain groups of
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Table 3.3 Cocaine use in special gr
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and 7.7% in the U.K (England and Wa
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Table 3.5 Cocaine use among school-
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Figure 3.2 Number of (outpatient) a
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Figure 3.4 Admissions to general ho
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The Netherlands Cause-of-Death stat
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• Little is known as yet about a
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4.2 Usage: general population Heroi
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• In the province of Gelderland,
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Figure 4.1 Estimates of the number
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and syringes exchanged has been reg
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• Between 2001 and 2004 the numbe
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- misuse of or dependence on alcoho
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same time it should be noted that t
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International comparison The Europe
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The total number of chronic hepatit
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• It is thought that risk behavio
Page 101 and 102: the ICD-9 classification. Drug deat
Page 103 and 104: Amsterdam GGD Amsterdam reports the
Page 105 and 106: Figure 4.9 Number of drug-induced d
Page 107 and 108: • Pupils attending REC-4 schools
Page 109 and 110: 5.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
Page 111 and 112: • In 2008, key observers in Amste
Page 113 and 114: Table 5.3 Use of Ecstasy and amphet
Page 115 and 116: Table 5.4a Use of amphetamines and
Page 117 and 118: Table 5.5a Ecstasy use among school
Page 119 and 120: Ecstasy • The number of (outpatie
Page 121 and 122: Figure 5.3 Numbers registered with
Page 123 and 124: • The same person may be admitted
Page 125 and 126: • The number of requests for info
Page 127 and 128: According to the EMCDDA, in other E
Page 129 and 130: Figure 5.6 Concentration of MDMA in
Page 131 and 132: Table 5.9 Number of samples contain
Page 133 and 134: • Consumers who had drug samples
Page 135 and 136: 6.2 Usage: general population The r
Page 137 and 138: GHB use is more common among juveni
Page 139 and 140: • GHB use among school-goers is l
Page 141 and 142: Table 6.4 GHB incidents registered
Page 143 and 144: • Of the liquid samples sold as G
Page 145 and 146: • Total deaths from alcohol-relat
Page 147 and 148: Figure 7.1 Alcohol consumption amon
Page 149 and 150: Ethnic background • Among seconda
Page 151: Table 7.3 Percentage of current dri
Page 155 and 156: Holiday-makers • Research conduct
Page 157 and 158: Figure 7.3 Heavy drinkers by gender
Page 159 and 160: The countries with the lowest perce
Page 161 and 162: • In France it is more likely tha
Page 163 and 164: Figure 7.6 Age distribution of prim
Page 165 and 166: • In 2008, 337 day-care admission
Page 167 and 168: • In approximately 1,200 admissio
Page 169 and 170: Table 7.9 Estimated number of injur
Page 171 and 172: • On the basis of current researc
Page 173 and 174: Figure 7.10 Deaths from alcohol use
Page 175 and 176: • EU member states have different
Page 177 and 178: • Surveys by the Continuous Surve
Page 179 and 180: Figure 8.1 Percentage of smokers in
Page 181 and 182: 8.3 Usage: juveniles and young adul
Page 183 and 184: Special education Table 8.3 shows t
Page 185 and 186: Table 8.4 Smokers in the EU-15 plus
Page 187 and 188: medication, Champix ® , which was
Page 189 and 190: among passive smoking men, the elev
Page 191 and 192: Table 8.6 Deaths from lung cancer a
Page 193 and 194: Since 1 January 2003 it is no longe
Page 195 and 196: Table 8.8 Cigarette prices and taxe
Page 197 and 198: eported. These refer to 2007 in the
Page 199 and 200: Table 9.1 Criminal investigations i
Page 201 and 202: Table 9.2 Number of dismantled prod
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Table 9.3 Characteristics of suspec
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Figure 9.2 Number of Opium Act case
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Table 9.5 Opium Act cases as a perc
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Disposals by the courts (in the fir
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• Financial orders (Public Prosec
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Table 9.9 Prevalence of new crimina
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10.2 Drug use among offenders Drug-
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• In some two-thirds of cases opi
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I, II Table 10.2 Number of times th
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• The ISD has a capacity of 1,000
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• Although there are some female
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Clinical admission Admission to a h
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Mellow Type of music at raves that
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Secondary diagnosis A secondary or
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Dismissal on policy grounds Decisio
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eintegration and rehabilitation of
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I. Use and problem use Source Targe
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II. Treatment demand and treatment
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IV. Market information Source Targe
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Source Target group/subject Sources
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Appendix C Explanation of ICD-9 and
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Appendix D Websites in the area of
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Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sp
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Appendix E Drug use in a number of
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References Adlaf, E.M., Korf, D.J.,
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Coumans, A.M. (2005). Survival on t
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Ganpat, S., Wits, E., Schoenmakers,
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Knibbe, R.A., Joosten, J., Derickx,
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Monshouwer, K., Smit, F., De Graaf,
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Rigter, H., Van Laar, M. (2002). Ep
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Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal (2
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Van Leeuwen, F.E. (1999). Epidemiol
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In the Netherlands various monitori
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