SumerianGrammar

CONTENTS
vii
CHAPTER TWELVE The verb .................................................. 71
12.1. Preliminaries .............................................................. 71
12.2. ¢am†u and marû .......................................................... 73
12.3. Plural verbs ................................................................ 74
12.4. Verbal base ¢am†u/marû/sg./pl. grids ...................... 74
12.5. Sorts of plurality (¢am†u reduplication) .................... 79
12.6. Note on verbal reduplication .................................... 80
12.7. Conjugation ................................................................ 81
12.7.1. Conjugation pattern 1: Intransitive
(and passive) ................................................ 81
12.7.1.1. The verb me .............................. 82
12.7.2. Conjugation pattern 2a: Transitive .......... 83
12.7.3. Conjugation pattern 2b: Transitive .......... 87
12.7.4. Prefixless finite verbal forms ...................... 90
12.7.5. Was Sumerian a language with “split
ergativity” .................................................. 90
12.8. Dimensional indicators .............................................. 92
12.8.1: 1–26. Non-ventive indicators ...................... 94
12.8.2: 27–62. Ventive indicators .......................... 103
12.8.3. Dimensional indicators without reference
to a person ................................................ 109
12.9. Prefixed indicator [e, i] ............................................ 109
12.10. Prefixed indicator [a(1)] ............................................ 111
12.11–12. Modal and connecting indicators ........ 112
12.11. Modal indicators ........................................................ 113
12.11.1. Indicative .................................................... 113
12.11.2. Negative indicative .................................... 113
12.11.2.1. Suffixed -nu ............................ 114
12.11.2.2. [nu] as a separate verbal base 115
12.11.3. Cohortative ................................................ 115
12.11.4. Negative cohortative .................................. 116
12.11.5. Precative .................................................... 116
12.11.6. Vetitive (negative precative) ...................... 117
12.11.7. Affirmative 1 .............................................. 117
12.11.8. Negative affirmative .................................. 118
12.11.9. Prohibitive .................................................. 118
12.11.10. Affirmative 2 .............................................. 119
12.11.11. Affirmative 3 .............................................. 120
12.11.12. Frustrative .................................................. 120