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CONTENTS vii CHAPTER TWELVE The verb .................................................. 71 12.1. Preliminaries .............................................................. 71 12.2. ¢am†u and marû .......................................................... 73 12.3. Plural verbs ................................................................ 74 12.4. Verbal base ¢am†u/marû/sg./pl. grids ...................... 74 12.5. Sorts of plurality (¢am†u reduplication) .................... 79 12.6. Note on verbal reduplication .................................... 80 12.7. Conjugation ................................................................ 81 12.7.1. Conjugation pattern 1: Intransitive (and passive) ................................................ 81 12.7.1.1. The verb me .............................. 82 12.7.2. Conjugation pattern 2a: Transitive .......... 83 12.7.3. Conjugation pattern 2b: Transitive .......... 87 12.7.4. Prefixless finite verbal forms ...................... 90 12.7.5. Was Sumerian a language with “split ergativity” .................................................. 90 12.8. Dimensional indicators .............................................. 92 12.8.1: 1–26. Non-ventive indicators ...................... 94 12.8.2: 27–62. Ventive indicators .......................... 103 12.8.3. Dimensional indicators without reference to a person ................................................ 109 12.9. Prefixed indicator [e, i] ............................................ 109 12.10. Prefixed indicator [a(1)] ............................................ 111 12.11–12. Modal and connecting indicators ........ 112 12.11. Modal indicators ........................................................ 113 12.11.1. Indicative .................................................... 113 12.11.2. Negative indicative .................................... 113 12.11.2.1. Suffixed -nu ............................ 114 12.11.2.2. [nu] as a separate verbal base 115 12.11.3. Cohortative ................................................ 115 12.11.4. Negative cohortative .................................. 116 12.11.5. Precative .................................................... 116 12.11.6. Vetitive (negative precative) ...................... 117 12.11.7. Affirmative 1 .............................................. 117 12.11.8. Negative affirmative .................................. 118 12.11.9. Prohibitive .................................................. 118 12.11.10. Affirmative 2 .............................................. 119 12.11.11. Affirmative 3 .............................................. 120 12.11.12. Frustrative .................................................. 120
viii CONTENTS 12.12. Connecting indicators ................................................ 121 12.12.1. Prospective ................................................ 121 12.12.1.1. A precedes B ............................ 122 12.12.1.2. Polite imperative ........................ 122 12.12.2. Connecting indicator [inga] ...................... 123 12.12.2.1. [inga] .......................................... 124 12.12.2.2. [nu-nga] ...................................... 124 12.12.2.3. [ga-nga] ...................................... 124 12.12.2.4. [he-nga] ...................................... 125 12.12.2.5. [na-nga] ...................................... 125 12.12.2.6. [“i-nga] ........................................ 125 12.12.2.7. [nu“-inga] .................................. 126 12.12.2.8. ‘Irregular’ [inga-na] .................. 126 12.12.2.9. Summary of [inga] .................... 127 12.13. Imperative .................................................................. 127 12.13.1. Unextended imperative .............................. 128 12.13.2. Extended imperative .................................. 129 12.14. Non-finite verbal forms .............................................. 130 12.14.1. B-[Ø], B-B-[Ø]: unextended bases ............ 131 12.14.2. B-[a], B-[ed], with or without copula ...... 132 12.14.2.1. B-[a], mes-Ane-pada construction ................................ 132 12.14.2.1.1. B-[a] ...................... 132 12.14.2.1.2. mes-Ane-pada construction .......... 133 12.14.2.2. B-[ed], B-[edam] ...................... 134 12.14.2.2.1. B-[ed] .................... 134 12.44.2.2.2. B-[ed + copula] .... 134 12.14.3. B-[ede], B-[eda], B-[ada] ............................ 134 12.14.3.1. B-[ede] ...................................... 135 12.14.3.2. B-[eda] ...................................... 136 12.14.3.3. B-[ada] ...................................... 136 12.14.4. Conjugated participle or “pronominal conjugation” ................................................ 137 12.14.4.1. 1 st sg. ¢am†u ................................ 138 12.14.4.2. 2 nd sg. ¢am†u .............................. 138 12.14.4.3. 3 rd sg. person class ¢am†u .......... 139 12.14.4.4. 3 rd sg. non-person class ¢am†u .... 139 12.14.4.5. 3 rd pl. person class ¢am†u .......... 139 12.14.4.6. 1 st sg. marû ................................ 139
Page 2 and 3: SUMERIAN GRAMMAR
Page 4 and 5: SUMERIAN GRAMMAR BY DIETZ OTTO EDZA
Page 6 and 7: CONTENTS Preface ..................
Page 10 and 11: CONTENTS ix 12.14.4.7. 2 nd sg. mar
Page 12 and 13: PREFACE The present Sumerian Gramma
Page 14 and 15: ABBREVIATIONS AfO AHw. AIUON Ali Le
Page 16 and 17: ABBREVIATIONS xv En¢eduanna, ZA 65
Page 18 and 19: ABBREVIATIONS xvii S - O - V = Subj
Page 20 and 21: CHAPTER ONE THE SUMERIAN LANGUAGE F
Page 22 and 23: THE SUMERIAN LANGUAGE 3 guages A an
Page 24 and 25: THE SUMERIAN LANGUAGE 5 and so was
Page 26 and 27: CHAPTER TWO HOW WE READ SUMERIAN 2.
Page 28 and 29: HOW WE READ SUMERIAN 9 number, e.g.
Page 30 and 31: HOW WE READ SUMERIAN 11 exactitude,
Page 32 and 33: CHAPTER THREE MINIMALIA OF SUMERIAN
Page 34 and 35: MINIMALIA OF SUMERIAN PHONOLOGY 15
Page 36 and 37: ∞ MINIMALIA OF SUMERIAN PHONOLOGY
Page 38 and 39: MINIMALIA OF SUMERIAN PHONOLOGY 19
Page 40 and 41: ∞ MINIMALIA OF SUMERIAN PHONOLOGY
Page 42 and 43: CHAPTER FOUR THE “WORD” IN SUME
Page 44 and 45: THE “WORD” IN SUMERIAN, PARTS O
Page 46 and 47: THE “WORD” IN SUMERIAN, PARTS O
Page 48 and 49: CHAPTER FIVE SUBSTANTIVES 5.1. GENE
Page 50 and 51: SUBSTANTIVES 31 sessed)”. Much mo
Page 52 and 53: SUBSTANTIVES 33 gal na 4 -di 4 -di
Page 54 and 55: SUBSTANTIVES 35 5.4.1. Preliminary
Page 56 and 57: SUBSTANTIVES 37 (b) [k] between -V
Page 58 and 59:
SUBSTANTIVES 39 more rarely, at lea
Page 60 and 61:
SUBSTANTIVES 41 often in pre-Sargon
Page 62 and 63:
SUBSTANTIVES 43 ing is still inadeq
Page 64 and 65:
SUBSTANTIVES 45 Note: a-ab-ba-sig-t
Page 66 and 67:
CHAPTER SIX ADJECTIVES Adjectives a
Page 68 and 69:
CHAPTER SEVEN DETERMINATION, SPECIF
Page 70 and 71:
DETERMINATION, SPECIFICATION 51 nes
Page 72 and 73:
CHAPTER EIGHT RESUMING THE SEQUENCE
Page 74 and 75:
CHAPTER NINE PRONOUNS 9.1. PERSONAL
Page 76 and 77:
PRONOUNS 57 At any rate, the high a
Page 78 and 79:
PRONOUNS 59 9.5.2. Indefinite prono
Page 80 and 81:
CHAPTER TEN NUMERALS 10.1. GENERAL
Page 82 and 83:
NUMERALS 63 lowed by banmin), munus
Page 84 and 85:
NUMERALS 65 Note: In view of 50 = 4
Page 86 and 87:
NUMERALS 67 Note: For purely rhythm
Page 88 and 89:
CHAPTER ELEVEN ADVERBS We here rest
Page 90 and 91:
∞ CHAPTER TWELVE THE VERB 12.1. P
Page 92 and 93:
∞ THE VERB 73 12.2. ›AMˇU AND
Page 94 and 95:
∞ THE VERB 75 sg. pl. ¢. a a m.
Page 96 and 97:
THE VERB 77 M. Civil and R. D. Bigg
Page 98 and 99:
THE VERB 79 [ere] is noted, in non-
Page 100 and 101:
THE VERB 81 nate” (var. to ZALAG-
Page 102 and 103:
THE VERB 83 “pertaining to the fa
Page 104 and 105:
pl. 1 st pl. 2 nd pl. 3 rd person
Page 106 and 107:
THE VERB 87 pattern 2b (¢am†u) w
Page 108 and 109:
Table of absolutive-ergative combin
Page 110 and 111:
THE VERB 91 For the verb, conjugati
Page 112 and 113:
THE VERB 93 It seems practical to a
Page 114 and 115:
THE VERB 95 At present, the diachro
Page 116 and 117:
12.8.1.11: No example available. TH
Page 118 and 119:
THE VERB 99 Note: The bilingual gra
Page 120 and 121:
THE VERB 101 Note: Wilcke 1988, 35,
Page 122 and 123:
THE VERB 103 12.8.2. Ventive indica
Page 124 and 125:
12.8.2.32: No example available. TH
Page 126 and 127:
THE VERB 107 12.8.2.49 [mue“i]: d
Page 128 and 129:
THE VERB 109 b) [mmini]: (é . . .)
Page 130 and 131:
THE VERB 111 (2) It does not occur
Page 132 and 133:
Table (cont.) Aff. 3 ”I- (1 st ,
Page 134 and 135:
THE VERB 115 12.11.2.2. [nu] as a s
Page 136 and 137:
THE VERB 117 kalam-e hé-∞gál-la
Page 138 and 139:
We summarize the negative moods: TH
Page 140 and 141:
THE VERB 121 [nu“] is so far only
Page 142 and 143:
THE VERB 123 ù-dé [u-e-de] “wou
Page 144 and 145:
THE VERB 125 12.12.2.4. [he-nga] é
Page 146 and 147:
THE VERB 127 12.12.2.9. Summary of
Page 148 and 149:
THE VERB 129 ∞gen-na “go” Ina
Page 150 and 151:
THE VERB 131 12.14.1. B-[Ø], B-B-[
Page 152 and 153:
THE VERB 133 As shown above, the ve
Page 154 and 155:
THE VERB 135 There are, however, at
Page 156 and 157:
THE VERB 137 of [B-ed-a]. While we
Page 158 and 159:
THE VERB 139 12.14.4.3. 3rd sg. per
Page 160 and 161:
THE VERB 141 Note: There are spelli
Page 162 and 163:
THE VERB 143 Attinger 1993, 179, sh
Page 164 and 165:
THE VERB 145 The original meaning o
Page 166 and 167:
THE VERB 147 12.15.1.3. Complete in
Page 168 and 169:
THE VERB 149 12.15.2.2. Verbalizati
Page 170 and 171:
THE VERB 151 The origin of nominali
Page 172 and 173:
THE VERB 153 If, on the other hand,
Page 174 and 175:
THE VERB 155 d En-líl lú-nam-tar-
Page 176 and 177:
∞ CHAPTER THIRTEEN POST-NOMINAL A
Page 178 and 179:
POST-NOMINAL AND/OR POST-VERBAL PAR
Page 180 and 181:
CHAPTER FOURTEEN CONJUNCTIONS AND S
Page 182 and 183:
CONJUNCTIONS AND SUBJUNCTIONS 163 [
Page 184 and 185:
CONJUNCTIONS AND SUBJUNCTIONS 165 1
Page 186 and 187:
CHAPTER FIFTEEN EXCLAMATIONS “Exc
Page 188 and 189:
EXCLAMATIONS 169 15.9. [INU] in-nu
Page 190 and 191:
CHAPTER SIXTEEN EMESAL Emesal (eme-
Page 192 and 193:
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN THE SUMERO-AKKADI
Page 194 and 195:
THE SUMERO-AKKADIAN LINGUISTIC AREA
Page 196 and 197:
THE SUMERO-AKKADIAN LINGUISTIC AREA
Page 198 and 199:
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN SUMMARY—AND WHAT
Page 200 and 201:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Note: Bibliographical
Page 202 and 203:
BIBLIOGRAPHY 183 B. Kienast 1980: P
Page 204 and 205:
BIBLIOGRAPHY 185 id. 2003: (in prin
Page 206 and 207:
INDEX [a] (exclamation) 167 a > i (
Page 208 and 209:
INDEX 189 Iran 4 [i Utu] (exclamati
Page 210 and 211:
INDEX 191 [“u(mu)] (modal verbal
Page 212 and 213:
1/2/2/1. Boyce, M. A History of Zor
Page 214 and 215:
Band 30 Sharon, M. Corpus Inscripti
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