Christoph Haederli - Les thÃ¨ses en ligne de l'INP - Institut National ...

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Application and Verification 153 The choice of topology depends primarily on cost (bill of material and production), size, reliability and performance (availability, efficiency, dynamic performance etc.). However, NP controllability and robust operation are a must, so that the availability of a suitable modulator is crucial. TABLE 64, APPLICABILITY OF MODULATION AND NP CONTROL SCHEMES pure 3-L schemes FC + SMC schemes - all 3-L DC link topologies - SMC only ANPC 1 schemes - ANPC 1 - backward half bridge ANPC variation, Figure 31 (a) - ANPC 3 ANPC 3 schemes - ANPC 3 only The ANPC 1, ANPC 3, and SMC feature very powerful NP controllability as introduced in this thesis. The ANPC 1 control schemes may also be applied to other ANPC variations with a flying capacitor connected directly to the last output half bridge, including the backward half bridge variation and the ANPC 3 as indicated in TABLE 64. The ANPC 2 and its related topologies, as well as all asymmetric topologies do not feature a sufficient level of redundancy to generate modified or virtual vectors, nor carrier based modulation schemes equivalent to those presented in chapter 1. Other schemes with significantly higher output voltage distortion would need to be considered to get the same level of capacitor controllability for those topologies. Such schemes could then also be applied to the topologies shown in Figure 31 (b), (c), (d), and (e) as they are functionally equivalent to the ANPC2.
154 Application and Verification 7.2 Modulators and applications 7.2.1 Active front ends AFE stands for any application connecting to the power system. The type of power flow may vary. The following are typical representatives of AFE applications. - Active rectifiers power generation inverters with high modulation index and high cos(ϕ) - Reactive power compensation - Harmonic filtering Generally, all of the presented modulation and control strategies can be applied. Output waveform harmonics are a key aspect. There are standards (e.g. IEEE 519 and IEC 68100) as well as country and application specific grid codes that define maximum permissible harmonic values for voltage and current. Modulation, control and filters must be designed accordingly. Selective harmonic elimination schemes are one approach to keep harmonics low. Such schemes can also be used in conjunction with the proposed modulation and NP control schemes in this thesis. The precalculated pattern serves as input for the subsequent calculation steps. The pattern needs to be split into multiple sections (equivalent to a modulation period, but with non constant time). Then the individual sections may be subjected to CM injection, either DC or 6 th harmonic. The injection is preferably with low amplitude to keep the generation of harmonics close the pre-calculated spectrum. A large CM injection can lead to a change of the mode and an alternate type of pattern may need to be applied if available. Online generated patterns (similar as presented by J. Wells [59]) are even more suitable for CM injection as the boundaries of the modulation period are clearly defined by the carriers. DC and 6 th harmonic injection can easily be applied. Over modulation beyond sinusoidal phase to phase voltage is interesting for AFE applications. It will be avoided under normal circumstances to prevent the generation of low order harmonics. However, in exceptional overvoltage conditions on the line, over modulation may prevent tripping of the converter. Optimal sequence modulators according to paragraph 6.2 are easier to be implemented for line applications, as the number of sequences to be considered is significantly lower for high modulation depth than for low modulation depth. A larger prediction horizon than for low modulation depth may be considered, leading to significantly improved performance. Reactive power compensation requires reliable operation also in purely reactive operation. The proposed modulation and control schemes significantly improve the NP controllability in reactive power operation compared to standard schemes. Specifically, this is true for high modulation depth where the virtual vector scheme remains effective. Harmonic filtering requires relatively high control bandwidth, which can be obtained with high switching frequency and suitable control loops for the individual harmonics. This can be done with all proposed concepts except for the optimal sequence modulator according to paragraph 6.2. The output current harmonics generated for compensation may lead DC NP current, which makes this application particularly demanding. Powerful schemes controlling the NP without introducing and DM distortion are required. A hysteresis based NP controller as proposed in paragraph 7.3 is a good approach to get a lot of NP control capacity while keeping good performance regarding DM distortion.
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THÈSE En vue de l'obtention du DOC
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Acknowledgements i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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iv Table of Contents 3.4 Generic ML
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vi Table of Contents 7.1 General mo
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viii Résumé français (French sum
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Introduction 1 2 INTRODUCTION This
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Introduction 3 tighter capacitor di
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Introduction 5 TABLE 1, OPERATING R
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Introduction 7 2.3 Glossary Note th
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Introduction 9 2.4 Nomenclature Not
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Introduction 11 DPC DSP DTC FC FPGA
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ML Converter Topologies 13 3 ML CON
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ML Converter Topologies 15 The four
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ML Converter Topologies 17 Each swi
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ML Converter Topologies 19 size doe
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ML Converter Topologies 21 plus (a)
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ML Converter Topologies 23 N >= 2,
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ML Converter Topologies 25 (a) (b)
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ML Converter Topologies 27 (a) (b)
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ML Converter Topologies 29 In a pra
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ML Converter Topologies 31 reality,
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ML Converter Topologies 33 All cons
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ML Converter Topologies 35 TABLE 16
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ML Converter Topologies 37 TABLE 17
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ML Converter Topologies 39 3.7.4.1
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ML Converter Topologies 41 f C sw =
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ML Converter Topologies 43 A second
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ML Converter Topologies 45 Limitati
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ML Converter Topologies 47 1 K M 2
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Page 216 and 217: Bibliography 195 10 BIBLIOGRAPHY [1
Page 218 and 219: Bibliography 197 [33] P. Steimer,
Page 220 and 221: Bibliography 199 neutral point bala
Page 222 and 223: Bibliography 201 [88] J. Pou, J. Za
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Christoph Haederli - Les thÃ¨ses en ligne de l'INP - Institut National ...

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