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ML Converter Topologies 37 TABLE 17, MODULARITY Topology Modules with identical structure per phase leg Number of different modules per phase leg Switch voltage rating of structurally identical modules Capacitor voltage rating of structurally identical modules, isolation requirements Comments, scaling by PEBB series connection MLDC 1 1 n.a. PEBB concept is only feasible on the phase leg level. No scaling by series connection of PEBB’s MC N 1 Same Different PEBB concept feasible on the commutation cell level. Geometry according to largest required capacitor. Isolation requirements according to total output voltage. Scaling by series connection possible. SMC N/2 1 Same Different PEBB concept feasible for a six pole, including adjacent commutation cells in the upper and lower converter path. Geometry according to largest required capacitor. Isolation requirement according to total output voltage. Scaling by series connection possible. ANPC 1 ANPC 2 2 (DC link) 2 (DC link) 2 Same Same The DC link stages may have 2 identical half bridge PEBB’s. No direct scaling. 2 Same Same The DC link may have two identical MC PEBB’s. No direct scaling ANPC 3 3 1 Same Same Similar MC PEBB’s can be used, but DC link PEBB’s need higher capacitance. No direct scaling ANPC x N / 2 n.a. Same Different Individual PEBB’s could be used per commutation cell like in the MC converter. Applies also to the FSx + FCx. Scaling is possible but difficult (commutation loop design) FSx + FCx 2 2 Same n.a. The same full semiconductor stage can be applied in the upper and the lower DC link. FC2 * x N(N/2+ 1)/4 1 Same Same Identical PEBB’s can be used, although the PEBB’s making up the DC link may require higher capacitance. Scaling possible. M 2 LC 2 * N 1 Same Same Identical PEBB’s can be used in this topology, applying the same switches and the same capacitors. Scaling possible.
38 ML Converter Topologies 3.7.4 Flying capacitor energy When comparing the flying capacitor energy, two fundamentally different phenomena need to be taken into account. All MC based topologies can balance the flying capacitors with redundant states. The voltage ripple in the flying capacitors is given by the switching characteristics of the converter. The M 2 LC cannot be compared to the other converters directly regarding capacitive energy required, as there is a fundamental component in the flying capacitor current and the total energy doesn’t depend on switching frequency. For a comparison of MC based converters and M 2 LC, specific switching frequencies and fundamental frequencies need to be assumed. TABLE 18, ASSUMPTIONS FOR FC ENERGY COMPARISON 1. Converters with a given input voltage and a given output voltage range are considered a. The choice of a higher number of levels reduces the voltage per level 2. MC converter stages can operate the individual cells in an interleaved manner a. Each cell is operated at f switch = 1 / T P b. There is a phase shift of 2π / N from one cell to another c. Cells can be operated such that flying capacitors are only active for T P / N. In the remaining time of the period, two adjacent cells have the same state and therefore no current is flowing in the flying capacitor 3. For lowest energy in the flying capacitors, highest possible switching frequency is desired. However, the switching frequency is limited. The following types of limitations are possible. a. Peak switching frequency on device level i. Imposed by the peak device loss or by gate driver limitations b. Average switching frequency on device level i. Imposed by maximum average device loss or by gate driver limitations c. Apparent converter output switching frequency i. Imposed by maximum allowable total converter loss (cooling system limitations or efficiency requirements) ii. Load constraints like optimal switching frequency for filter design. Each of the switching frequency limitations indicated in TABLE 18 leads to different capacitor dimensioning. In a given application, the appropriate type of limitation needs to be considered. The following comparison calculates the capacitor energies for all three cases.
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THÈSE En vue de l'obtention du DOC
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Acknowledgements i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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iv Table of Contents 3.4 Generic ML
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Page 22 and 23: Introduction 1 2 INTRODUCTION This
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Page 26 and 27: Introduction 5 TABLE 1, OPERATING R
Page 28 and 29: Introduction 7 2.3 Glossary Note th
Page 30 and 31: Introduction 9 2.4 Nomenclature Not
Page 32 and 33: Introduction 11 DPC DSP DTC FC FPGA
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NP Control with Carrier based PWM 8
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Application and Verification 149 7
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Application and Verification 151 TA
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Application and Verification 155 7.
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170 Conclusions and Outlook 8.1.2 M
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172 Conclusions and Outlook 8.2 Out
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174 Conclusions and Outlook 8.3 Sum
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176 Appendix I = 1− ) (99) ( C 2
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178 Appendix TABLE 78, FLYING CAPAC
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180 Appendix 9.3 Single phase NP cu
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182 Appendix 9.4 States of the ANPC
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184 Appendix 9.5 NP currents as a f
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186 Appendix 9.5.3 Maximum and mini
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188 Appendix 9.6 NP current functio
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190 Appendix TABLE 91, NP CURRENT I
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192 Appendix TABLE 93, NP CURRENT I
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Bibliography 195 10 BIBLIOGRAPHY [1
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Bibliography 197 [33] P. Steimer,
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Bibliography 199 neutral point bala
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Bibliography 201 [88] J. Pou, J. Za
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Christoph Haederli - Les thÃ¨ses en ligne de l'INP - Institut National ...

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