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ML Converter Topologies 45 Limitation by apparent output switching frequency Normalized total FC energy 3 2 1 0 2 4 6 8 10 MC SMC ANPC 1 SCx+FCx ANPC 2 FCx+SCx ANPC 3 FCx+FCx FSx+FCx FC2 * x N = levels - 1 Figure 40, normalized FC energies for a given apparent output switching frequency scaling with N (f out = f base * N) Limitation by apparent output switching frequency Normalized total FC energy 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2 4 6 8 10 MC SMC ANPC 1 SCx+FCx ANPC 2 FCx+SCx ANPC 3 FCx+FCx FSx+FCx FC2 * x N = levels - 1 Figure 41, normalized FC energies for a given constant apparent output switching frequency (f out = f base) Care must be taken when comparing the values from Figure 38 to Figure 41. Figure 38 and Figure 39 represent physical limitations given by the hardware design, whereas the apparent output frequency used as limiting factor in Figure 40 and Figure 41 can be chosen freely as long as it does not interfere with the physical limitations. Therefore, the amplitudes may vary according to the designer’s choice. The scaling laws with increasing levels and the relationship between the requirements of the different topologies are the main interest in those two last figures. 3.7.5 Conclusion for MC based topologies SMC, ANPC1, ANPC2 and ANPC3 seem to provide a good tradeoff between flying capacitor energy, switch requirement and controllability. SMC and ANPC2 provide lowest flying capacitor
46 ML Converter Topologies energy in average switching frequency limitation while providing full output frequency. ANPC1 provides lowest flying capacitor energy but it does not yield the highest possible apparent output switching frequency in any of the cases. The ANPC3 provides highest apparent output switching frequency in all cases while resulting in reasonably low capacitor energies. Another benefit of the ANPC3 is its modular structure. - The ANPC1 is the topology of choice for lowest possible flying capacitor energy if the apparent output switching frequency does not need to be maximized (independently of type of device switching frequency limitation) or in case an apparent output switching frequency is given. - ANPC 2 and SMC are the best choice in average device switching frequency limited designs - The ANPC3 is the best choice in systems where the limit is given by the maximum device switching frequency and the need of the highest possible apparent output switching frequency. Even though the ANPC3 has 3 times as many flying capacitors as the ANPC1, it can double the apparent output switching frequency with just 50% more total flying capacitor energy. 3.7.6 Comparison with M 2 LC The M 2 LC has not been included in the previous paragraphs because its flying capacitor energy is given by the fundamental frequency rather than the switching frequency. A new constant including the switching frequency is defined in order to compare: K K E _ cap 2 _ E _ cap = (25) fsw _ base With (24) we get E I U FC _ max DC tot = K2 _ E _ cap (26) 2k1 K 2_E_cap can also be defined for the M 2 LC. The energy in the M2LC flying capacitors can be calculated as follows, starting from (103) and (9). E Iˆ DC 2 ˆ 2 out CU * ˆ I _ maxU C Iout UC N IoutU DC FC DC tot = 2N = 2N = N ⎝ ⎠ = = (27) 2 4ωUˆ _ *2 k1U DC 4ωk1 4ωk cap ac 1 4ω ⎛U ⎜ N ⎞ ⎟ 2 In order to be able to compare directly with MC based converters, we define:
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THÈSE En vue de l'obtention du DOC
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Acknowledgements i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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iv Table of Contents 3.4 Generic ML
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vi Table of Contents 7.1 General mo
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viii Résumé français (French sum
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x Résumé français (French summar
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xii Résumé français (French summ
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Page 22 and 23: Introduction 1 2 INTRODUCTION This
Page 24 and 25: Introduction 3 tighter capacitor di
Page 26 and 27: Introduction 5 TABLE 1, OPERATING R
Page 28 and 29: Introduction 7 2.3 Glossary Note th
Page 30 and 31: Introduction 9 2.4 Nomenclature Not
Page 32 and 33: Introduction 11 DPC DSP DTC FC FPGA
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Page 46 and 47: ML Converter Topologies 25 (a) (b)
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Page 58 and 59: ML Converter Topologies 37 TABLE 17
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NP Control with Carrier based PWM 9
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NP Control with Optimal Sequence SV
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Application and Verification 149 7
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Application and Verification 151 TA
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Application and Verification 155 7.
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170 Conclusions and Outlook 8.1.2 M
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172 Conclusions and Outlook 8.2 Out
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174 Conclusions and Outlook 8.3 Sum
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176 Appendix I = 1− ) (99) ( C 2
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178 Appendix TABLE 78, FLYING CAPAC
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180 Appendix 9.3 Single phase NP cu
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182 Appendix 9.4 States of the ANPC
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184 Appendix 9.5 NP currents as a f
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186 Appendix 9.5.3 Maximum and mini
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188 Appendix 9.6 NP current functio
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190 Appendix TABLE 91, NP CURRENT I
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192 Appendix TABLE 93, NP CURRENT I
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Bibliography 195 10 BIBLIOGRAPHY [1
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Bibliography 197 [33] P. Steimer,
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Bibliography 199 neutral point bala
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Bibliography 201 [88] J. Pou, J. Za
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Christoph Haederli - Les thÃ¨ses en ligne de l'INP - Institut National ...

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