Economic Assessment of Sanitation Interventions in Vietnam - WSP

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V.National Benefits of ImprovedSanitation and HygieneThis chapter presents the potential impacts of improvedsanitation on:• Tourism (section 5.1)• Businesses and foreign investment (section 5.2)• Sanitation markets (section 5.3)• National water resources (section 5.5)5.1 TOURISMAccording to Vietnam Tourism statistics, tourism in Vietnamhas seen a remarkable growth in the past decade. From1998 to 2008, tourist arrivals increased by 286%. In 2008,tourism contributed US$3 billion in revenue to the economyof Vietnam, which is equivalent to 4.2% of the country’sGDP (using the market exchange rate).Table 38 compares tourism numbers in 2008 and 2009,which shows an 11% decline due to the global economicdownturn and the H1N1 virus in April 2009 (Vietnam NationalAdministration of Tourism). Asian tourists account formore than 65% of the total number visiting Vietnam, withtourists from China, South Korea, Taiwan and Japan makingup the top four arrivals from Asian countries. In 2008,Europe and North America accounted for 15% and 13% oftourist arrivals, respectively (General Statistics Office).66TABLE 38: OVERVIEW OF VISITORS TO VIETNAM IN 2009 AND 2008Variable 2009 2009 compared to 2008 (%)Total tourists 3,772,359 89.1%TRANSPORTATION MEANSAir 3,025,625 92.2%Sea 65,934 43.5%Road 680,800 85.0%ACCORDING TO PURPOSETourist 2,226,440 85.2%Business 783,139 99.8%Visiting friends 517,703 101.4%Others 245,077 91.4%ACCORDING TO NATIONALITYChina 527,610 82.0%U.S.A 403,930 97.4%South Korea 362,115 80.6%Japan 359,231 91.4%Taiwan (China) 271,643 89.6%Australia 218,461 93.1%France 174,525 95.9%Malaysia 166,284 95.3%Thailand 152,633 83.7%Others 1,135,927 90.3%Source: General Statistics Office, 2009Economic Assessment of Sanitation Interventions
Economic Assessment of Sanitation Interventions in Vietnam | National Benefits of Improved Sanitation and HygieneWhile this chapter reports the results from a survey conductedunder ESI, another similar survey conducted in2005 is noted briefly. As part of a survey of 8,300 touristson their perceptions of environment, sanitation and health,it was found that 74% considered Vietnam’s environmentto be clean and beautiful and 66% of respondents said thatthey were satisfied with the sanitation facility in their accommodation(Source: GSO, 2006).Table 39 presents the background characteristics of touristrespondents from the ESI survey. Among 300 touristsinterviewed, the highest percentage was visitors from NorthAmerica and Europe (49%), Australia and New Zealand(15%). However, Asian tourists are coming back to thecountry more often (making 2.4 previous trips), and stayingfor longer periods (130 days). This is because Vietnamreceives more businessmen and workers from Asian countrieswho may combine their business trip with tourism activities,while a greater proportion of visitors from otherregions come to Vietnam purely as tourists. Tourists preferto visit more than two places (62% – 71% among touristsfrom Asia, Australia and New Zealand, North America).Table 40 describes tourists’ assessment of tourist locations.General scores of 3 to 5 reflect a positive attitude towardVietnam. The highest scores are for historical/temple sites(4.0) and natural/forest sites (4.1). Most scores are similaramong tourists across different hotel cost brackets, travelingwithin Vietnam attracted high scores (4.0 and 4.1) fromtourists staying at hotels in the US$1-29 and US$150+ costbrackets. A possible reason for this is that tourists living in$1-29 hotels are mostly backpackers who do not considercomfort the most important factor of a good trip, whiletourists living in $150+ hotels are provided with luxuryservices and may not face many instances of poor sanitationand hygiene when traveling in Vietnam. For those fewtourists who gave a low score of 1 or 2, the main reasonsincluded traffic jams, no fixed price for foreigners, garbageeverywhere, irresponsible public security (police), dangerousroad crossings and air pollution.TABLE 39: BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTSVariable Asia Australia/NZNorth Americaand EuropeSouthAmericaNo. of tourists interviewed 76 45 146 33 300Average no. of previous trips to country (times) 2.4 0.8 1.6 0.2 1.5Average length of stay of this trip (days) 129.6 20.2 40.3 0.6 58.6All figures in Percentage (%)Gender (%) Male 52.6 42.2 61.0 39.4 53.7Female 47.4 57.8 39.0 60.6 46.3Purpose of visit (%) Tourist 48.7 77.8 78.1 100.0 73.0Business 51.3 22.2 21.9 0 27.0Hotel bracket (%)(nightly tariff in US$)Free1-29 34.2 46.7 45.9 3.0 38.330-59 19.7 35.6 32.2 3.0 26.360-89 18.4 0 8.2 0 8.790-119 21.1 11.1 8.2 0 11.0120-149 5.3 2.2 3.4 3.0 3.7150 + 1.3 4.4 2.0 90.9 12.0Total 100 100 100 100 100Places visited North 32.9 15.6 18.5 0 19.7Central 0 0 2.7 0 1.3South 5.3 13.3 11.0 63.6 15.7> 1 place 61.8 71.1 67.8 36.4 63.3Total 100 100 100 100 100www.wsp.org67Total
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Economic Assessment ofSanitation In
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Economic Assessment of Sanitation I
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ForewordTarget 10 of the Millennium
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Glossary of TermsBenefit-cost ratio
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AcknowledgmentsThe Economics of San
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V. National Benefits of Improved Sa
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Table 32. Sanitation coverage, and
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Figure 34. What factors were of mos
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Annex Table E1. Level of satisfacti
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Annex Table J1. Site U1 (Dong Thap,
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PopulationSelected Development Indi
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III.Study MethodsThe study methodol
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ANNEX TABLESANNEX A. STUDY METHODST
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