Economic Assessment of Sanitation Interventions in Vietnam - WSP

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Economic Assessment of Sanitation Interventions in Vietnam | Sanitation Program Design and Scaling Upplay an important role during the project period, and mustbe continued.7.2.5 CONCLUSIONSPlanning: Early planning of house connection activities isessential. For example, the house connection administrativeunit must take an active role in promotion to end users. Aregulatory framework should decree mandatory connectionof households.In selecting sanitation options and technologies, the projectowner should consider all life cycle costs. Project designshould take into account future price increases for construction.Increasing the volume of water supplied to urban communitieswill exacerbate existing drainage problems. Therefore,water supply projects should always be considered in combinationwith environmental sanitation. Furthermore, asolid waste management component considered in combinationwith drainage and sewerage activities reduces negativeimpacts. The absence of a solid waste component is oneconcern relating to program sustainability.Outcome oriented monitoring and evaluation is a new conceptfor Vietnamese counterparts. Process and outcomemonitoring systems for community development activitiesneed to be set up early in a project.Vietnamese environmental standards are still not fully developed.There are still big gaps and contradictions in effluentstandards, water resource classification and values forparameters. This complexity leads to inefficient expenditureand inequity in relation to different methods of wastewaterdischarge. The reuse of wastewater and excreta in agriculturalproduction is very popular in Vietnam. However,sanitary standards and guiding solutions that consider localfactors are needed in planning, management and technicaloption selection, as well as monitoring and control.devoted to engineering infrastructure works. Due to weakorganizational capacity, capacity building of local resourcesplays an important role in effectiveness. There is a vitalneed for the promotion and development of strong linksand good coordination between water supply and sanitationcompanies and community organizations at all stagesof project planning and implementation.Community participation, especially by women, is crucialto project success. IEC promotion will stimulate positivecommunity response. Project information should be providedin a carefully organized way. The participation ofconsumers, with special attention to the poor and women,should be highlighted.Implementation: The local planning, design and contractingcapacities of local authorities should be built and mobilized.Crucial in this are the ownership, selection of sanitationservice management model and organization, as well ascapacity building for the local service providers.Financial sustainability: Making links between water companiesand the community is essential for the establishmentof effective, realistic tariffs and connection fees. Only inthis way can subsidies be reduced and companies providedwith greater financial autonomy, thereby enabling them tofurther improve the services they provide. “Willingness topay” data must be carefully collected and used with caution.Government capital subsidies to households creates favorableconditions for implementation, but to ensure financialsustainability of the sanitation system, the “polluter pays”principle should be applied.Software: Institutional strengthening and community developmentmust be regarded as key components of waterand sanitation projects. In order to be most effective, theresources devoted to institutional strengthening and communitydevelopment should be adequate, and also relatedin terms of budget, duration and timing to the resources92Economic Assessment of Sanitation Interventions
VIII.Efficiency of Improved Sanitationand HygieneThis chapter synthesizes the information presented inChapters 4 to 7 in order to discuss present sanitation optionefficiency under both ideal and actual program conditions.Non-quantified impacts are presented alongside thequantitative cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness ratios. Thechapter consists of three sections:• Efficiency of sanitation and hygiene interventionscompared with adopting no option (section 8.1).• Efficiency of alternative ways to move up the sanitationand hygiene ladder (section 8.2).• Scaling up results for national policy making (section 8.3).8.1 EFFICIENCY OF SANITATION ANDHYGIENE IMPROVEMENTS COMPAREDWITH ADOPTING NO OPTION8.1.1 URBAN SITESThe economic analysis summarized in this chapter combinesevidence of the cost and benefits of sanitation improvementsalready presented in earlier chapters, resultingin a number of alternative measurements of efficiency. Efficiencymeasures are presented in Table 50 and Figure 50for urban interventions.TABLE 50: AVERAGE URBAN AREA EFFICIENCY MEASURES FOR MAIN GROUPINGS OF SANITATION INTERVENTIONS,COMPARED TO “NO TOILET” (OPEN DEFECATION - OD)Efficiency measure Scenario OD to pit latrine OD to Septic tank OD to WWMField sites included U1, U2 U1, U2, U3, U4, U5 U3, U4, U5No. households surveyed 52 223 201Option sub-types includedCOST-BENEFIT MEASURESBenefits per VND inputInternal rate of return (%)Pay-back period (years)Net present value (VND ‘000)COST-EFFECTIVENESS MEASURESCost per DALY averted (VND ‘000)Cost per case averted (VND ‘000)Cost per death averted (VND ‘000)Shared toiletSeptic tank + soak away, ST +sewers w/o WWTST + separate or combinedsewers + WWTPsIdeal 8.6 3.6 2.7Actual 6.8 2.9 2.4Ideal >100% >100% 57.0%Actual >100% >100% 49.6%Ideal
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Economic Assessment ofSanitation In
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Economic Assessment of Sanitation I
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ForewordTarget 10 of the Millennium
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Glossary of TermsBenefit-cost ratio
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AcknowledgmentsThe Economics of San
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V. National Benefits of Improved Sa
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Table 32. Sanitation coverage, and
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Figure 34. What factors were of mos
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Annex Table E1. Level of satisfacti
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Annex Table J1. Site U1 (Dong Thap,
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PopulationSelected Development Indi
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III.Study MethodsThe study methodol
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IV.Local Benefits of Improved Sanit
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Economic Assessment of Sanitation Interventions in Vietnam - WSP

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