Economic Assessment of Sanitation Interventions in Vietnam - WSP
Economic Assessment of Sanitation Interventions in Vietnam - WSP
Economic Assessment of Sanitation Interventions in Vietnam - WSP
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Glossary <strong>of</strong> TermsBenefit-cost ratio (BCR): the ratio <strong>of</strong> the present value <strong>of</strong> the stream <strong>of</strong> benefits to the present value <strong>of</strong> thestream <strong>of</strong> costs. The higher the BCR, the more economically efficient the <strong>in</strong>tervention.Cost per case averted: the discounted value <strong>of</strong> the costs for each case <strong>of</strong> a disease that is avoided because<strong>of</strong> an <strong>in</strong>tervention.Cost per DALY averted: the discounted value <strong>of</strong> the costs for each DALY that is avoided because <strong>of</strong> an<strong>in</strong>tervention.Cost per death averted: the discounted value <strong>of</strong> the costs for each death that is avoided because <strong>of</strong> an<strong>in</strong>tervention.Cost-effectiveness ratio (CER): the ratio <strong>of</strong> the present value <strong>of</strong> the future costs to the present value <strong>of</strong>the future health benefits <strong>in</strong> non-monetary units (cases, deaths, disability-adjusted life-years). The lower theCER the more efficient the <strong>in</strong>tervention.Disability-Adjusted Life-Year (DALY): a measurement <strong>of</strong> the gap between current health status and anideal health situation where the entire population lives to an advanced age, free <strong>of</strong> disease and disability.One DALY can be thought <strong>of</strong> as one lost year <strong>of</strong> “healthy” life (WHO, 2010).Ecological sanitation (Ecosan): a new paradigm <strong>in</strong> sanitation that recognizes human excreta and waterfrom households not as waste but as resources that can be recovered, treated where necessary and safelyused aga<strong>in</strong>. It is based on the systematic implementation <strong>of</strong> reuse and recycl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> nutrients and water as ahygienically safe, closed-loop and holistic alternative to conventional sanitation solutions (GTZ, 2009).Improved sanitation: the use <strong>of</strong> the follow<strong>in</strong>g facilities at home: flush/pour-flush to piped sewer system/septic tank/pit latr<strong>in</strong>e, ventilated improved pit (VIP) latr<strong>in</strong>e, pit latr<strong>in</strong>e with slab, or compost<strong>in</strong>g toilet(JMP, 2008).Intangible benefits: the benefits <strong>of</strong> improved sanitation that are difficult to quantify. These <strong>in</strong>cludeimpacts on the quality <strong>of</strong> life, comfort, security, dignity, and personal and cultural preferences, amongothers.Internal rate <strong>of</strong> return (IRR): the discount rate for which the present value <strong>of</strong> the stream <strong>of</strong> net benefits iszero. In other words, the discount rate for which the BCR equals unit (1).Net benefit: the difference between the present value <strong>of</strong> the stream <strong>of</strong> benefits to the present value <strong>of</strong> thestream <strong>of</strong> costs.Net present value (NPV): the discounted value <strong>of</strong> the current and future stream <strong>of</strong> net benefits from aproject.xx<strong>Economic</strong> <strong>Assessment</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Sanitation</strong> <strong>Interventions</strong>
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