Economic Assessment of Sanitation Interventions in Vietnam - WSP

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Economic Assessment of Sanitation Interventions in Vietnam | Annex TablesTABLE A5. METHODOLOGY FOR BENEFIT ESTIMATION (CALCULATIONS, DATA SOURCES, EXPLANATIONS) (CONTINUED)Impacts included Variable Data sources Specific value/comment4. EXCRETA REUSE GAINS(reuse of excreta as fertilizer from either UDDT or double-vault pit latrine; and reuse of energy value from biogas digester)Calculation:(% households using productthemselves X value in ownuse) + (% households sellingproduct X selling price)% households using reusemethods% households using productthemselves% households selling productto othersSelling priceValue in own useESI household surveyESI household surveyESI household surveyESI household & market surveyESI market survey; assumption134Economic Assessment of Sanitation Interventions
Economic Assessment of Sanitation Interventions in Vietnam | Annex TablesTABLE A6. DISEASES LINKED TO POOR SANITATION AND HYGIENE, AND PRIMARY TRANSMISSION ROUTES AND VEHICLESDisease Pathogen Primary transmission route VehicleDIARRHEAL DISEASES (GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT INFECTIONS)Rotavirus diarrhea Virus Fecal-oral Water, person-to-personTyphoid/ paratyphoid Bacterium Fecal-oral and urine-oral Food, water + person-personVibrio cholera Bacterium Fecal-oral Water, foodEscherichia Coli Bacterium Fecal-oral Food, water + person-personAmebiasis (amebic dysentery) Protozoa 1 Fecal-oral Person-person, food, water, animal fecesGiardiasis Protozoa 1 Fecal-oral Person-person, water (animals)Salmonellosis Bacterium Fecal-oral FoodShigellosis Bacterium Fecal-oral Person-person + food, waterCampylobacter Enteritis Bacterium Fecal-oral Food, animal fecesHelicobacter pylori Bacterium Fecal-oral Person-person + food, waterProtozoaOther viruses 2 Virus Fecal-oral Person-person, food, waterMalnutritionCaused by diarrheal disease and helminthesHELMINTHES (WORMS)Intestinal nematodes 3 Roundworm Fecal-oral Person-person + soil, raw fishDigenetic trematodes (e.g.Schistosomiasis Japonicum)Flukes (parasite) Fecal/urine-oral; fecal-skin Water and soil (snails)Cestodes Tapeworm Fecal-oral Person-person + raw fishEYE DISEASESTrachoma Bacterium Fecal-eye Person-person, via flies, fomites, coughingAdenoviruses (conjunctivitis) Protozoa 1 Fecal-eye Person-personSKIN DISEASESRingworm (Tinea)Fungus(Ectoparasite)TouchPerson-personScabiesFungus(Ectoparasite)TouchPerson-person, sharing bed and clothingOTHER DISEASESHepatitis A Virus Fecal-oral Person-person, food (especially shellfish), waterHepatitis E Virus Fecal-oral WaterPoliomyelitis Virus Fecal-oral, oral-oral Person-personLeptospirosis Bacterium Animal urine-oral Water and soil-swamps, rice fields, mudSources: WHO http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/en/ and [75, 76]1There are several other protozoa-based causes ofGIT, including• Balantidium coli – dysentery, intestinal ulcers• Cryptosporidium parvum - gastrointestinalinfections• Cyclospora cayetanensis - gastrointestinalinfections• Dientamoeba fragilis – mild diarrhea• Isospora belli / hominus – intestinal parasites,gastrointestinal infections2Other viruses include:• Adenovirus – respiratory andgastrointestinal infections• Astrovirus – gastrointestinal infections• Calicivirus – gastrointestinal infections• Norwalk viruses – gastrointestinalinfections• Reovirus – respiratory and gastrointestinalinfections3Intestinal nematodes include:• Ascariasis (roundworm - soil)• Trichuriasis trichiura (whipworm)• Ancylostoma duodenale / Necator americanus(hookworm)• Intestinal Capillariasis (raw freshwater fish inPhilippines)www.wsp.org135
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Economic Assessment ofSanitation In
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Economic Assessment of Sanitation I
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ForewordTarget 10 of the Millennium
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Glossary of TermsBenefit-cost ratio
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AcknowledgmentsThe Economics of San
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V. National Benefits of Improved Sa
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Table 32. Sanitation coverage, and
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Figure 34. What factors were of mos
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Annex Table E1. Level of satisfacti
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Annex Table J1. Site U1 (Dong Thap,
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PopulationSelected Development Indi
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III.Study MethodsThe study methodol
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IV.Local Benefits of Improved Sanit
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VI.Costs of Improved Sanitationand
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