Economic Assessment of Sanitation Interventions in Vietnam - WSP

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Economic Assessment of Sanitation Interventions in Vietnam | MethodsFIGURE 4: REPRESENTATION OF THE SANITATION “LADDER”Unit Costs per HouseholdDouble vaultdry toiletReuseReuseTertiarytreatmentDry private pitOn-site septictank systemWetprivatepitSecondarytreatmentImproved publicor shared latrineWaterExcreta & WaterRe-useUnimprovedpit latrineHealthIntangiblesPublic or unimprovedshared latrineTimeUnimproved pit latrineBenefitsThe ladder in Figure 4 as a starting point shows differenttypes of intervention (sub-category) within the morebroadly defined sanitation options. This classification providesan overview to allow a framework for interpretationof the specific options evaluated in the field settings (shownin section 3.3), given that option sub-categories may havedifferent associated costs and benefits.The sanitation ladder concept is potentially useful to policymaking, given the meaning embedded in it and its simplepresentation format. It is expected that by using robust dataon the costs and benefits of different sanitation options, thisstudy will further the understanding of the concept of thesanitation ladder. While taking care not to over-simplify theconcept, it is expected that integration of economic thinkingin the sanitation ladder will assist program managers,communities and households to think through the range ofcosts and benefits in moving from one point in the ladderto another. It is recognized that the sanitation ladder optionsare distinguished for different contexts in which sanitationservices are provided, such as rural areas, urban areasand challenging environments.An overall perspective of alternative sanitation options forhousehold wastewater and solid waste management is illustratedin Figure 5 and Figure 6, respectively.In general, technological sanitation options applied to differentareas and target groups in Vietnam are classified bythis study into four types:• On-site dry sanitation options.• On-site wet sanitation options.• Off-site (centralized or decentralized sanitation options).• Solid waste management.Details of the sanitation types are described in Table 3.10Economic Assessment of Sanitation Interventions
Economic Assessment of Sanitation Interventions in Vietnam | MethodsFIGURE 5: OPTIONS FOR HOUSEHOLD WASTEWATER MANAGEMENTSanitation Options for Households in VietnamDry SanitationWet SanitationBrown water Yellow waterGray water Black waterPit latrine, Ventilated Improved Pit latrine, Urinediverting composting toiletPrimary treatment (On-site or Cluster);Septic tank, Biogas Digester, BAFTAS, etc.Conventional sewerage: Combined, SeparateSimplified sewerageTertiary treatment:Nitrogen and phosphorus removalPackaged treatment plant,BASTAFAT, etc.Disinfection:- Chlorine- UltravioletSecondary treatment (On-site, Decentralized or Centralized)Attached Growth:Suspended solids:- Tricking filter- Oxidation ditch- Water safety plans- Activated sludge conventional- Constructed wetland- Sand filter (with and w/o recirculation)Combination of Attach growth and Susp. solids processesReuse; Irrigation; Aquaculture;(Toilet flush, Cooling)Land applicationSoil discharge;Infiltration field, Infiltration pitSurface water discharge1‘Dry sanitation’ means the type of sanitation not using water for toilet flushing.2‘Wet sanitation’ means using water for toilet flushing.3In the case of dry sanitation brown water means feces that is separated from urine.4In the case of dry sanitation yellow water means urine that is separated from feces.5‘Gray water’ means wastewater flow apart from toilet flushing, such as wastewater from washing sinks, shower, kitchen, laundry and floor cleaning.6‘Black water’ means the flushing toilet wastewater.FIGURE 6: OPTIONS FOR IMPROVED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENTWaste collection at sourceWaste separation at sourceReuse/RecycleWaste transportationOther optionsCompostingIncinerationReuse/RecycleFertilizerDumping at (sanitary) landfillwww.wsp.org11
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Page 17: ForewordTarget 10 of the Millennium
Page 22 and 23: Glossary of TermsBenefit-cost ratio
Page 24 and 25: AcknowledgmentsThe Economics of San
Page 27 and 28: V. National Benefits of Improved Sa
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Economic Assessment of Sanitation I
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VI.Costs of Improved Sanitationand
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ReferencesAcharya A, Paunio MK and
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ANNEX 1: PROGRAM APPROACH ANALYSIST
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ANNEX TABLESANNEX A. STUDY METHODST
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