Economic Assessment of Sanitation Interventions in Vietnam - WSP

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Economic Assessment of Sanitation Interventions in Vietnam | Efficiency of Improved Sanitation and HygieneFIGURE 51: SUMMARY OF AVERAGE COST-BENEFIT RATIOS AT RURAL SITES, SANITATION VERSUS SANITATION WITH HYGIENEprivatewet pitSanitationSanitation + HygieneSanitationseptic tankSanitation + HygieneSanitationWWMSanitation + Hygienedouble-vaultcompostingSanitationSanitation + HygieneSanitationbiogasSanitation + HygieneBCR idealBCR actual0 2 4 6 8 10BCR valuesKey: WWM - wastewater management96The actual net present value of these sanitation options, comparedto ‘no toilet’ ranged from VND25,973,000 (US$1,485)for a septic tank to VND53,468,000 (US$3,060) for a biogasdigester.In terms of cost-effectiveness, with respect to health outcomes:• Actual cost per DALY averted ranged fromVND10,714,000 (US$613) for a double vault compostingtoilet to VND34,766,000 (US$1,979) for a septictank.• Actual cost per case averted ranged from VND156,000(US$8.9) for a wet pit latrine to VND571,000(US$32.6) for a biogas digester.• Actual cost per death averted ranged fromVND135,283,000 (US$7,735) for a wet pit latrine toVND496,020,000 (US$28,360) for a biogas digester.8.2 EFFICIENCY OF ALTERNATIVE WAYS TOMOVE UP THE SANITATION AND HYGIENELADDER8.2.1 URBAN SITESThe analysis of moving up the sanitation ladder in urbanareas has yielded interesting results (see Table 52 and Figure52). When moving up from pit latrine to septic tank,or to a centralized wastewater treatment system, the BCRwas less than 1. This finding indicates clearly that sanitationplanning is crucial to the maximization of the benefitsof a sanitation project. Well-considered decision-making atthe early stages of the project cycle will reduce the cost ofsystem upgrading.Economic Assessment of Sanitation Interventions
Economic Assessment of Sanitation Interventions in Vietnam | Efficiency of Improved Sanitation and HygieneTABLE 52: AVERAGE URBAN AREA EFFICIENCY MEASURES FOR MAIN GROUPINGS OF SANITATION INTERVENTIONS,COMPARING DIFFERENT POINTS ON THE SANITATION LADDEREfficiency measure Scenario Wet pit latrine to septic tank Wet pit latrine to WWT Septic tank to WWTField sites included U1 U3, U5 U3, U4, U5COST-BENEFIT MEASURESBenefits per VND inputInternal rate of return (%)Pay-back period (years)Net present value (VND ‘000)COST-EFFECTIVENESS MEASURESCost per DALY averted (VND‘000)Cost per case averted (VND ‘000)Cost per death averted (VND‘000)Ideal 0.3 0.8 0.6Actual 0.3 0.8 0.9Ideal - - -Actual - - -Ideal >20 >20 >20Actual >20 >20 >20Ideal (10,906) (24,642) (17,807)Actual (10,642) (23,027) (14,254)Ideal (41,272) 88,718 122,484Actual (44,670) 89,430 105,870Ideal (2,022) (2,568) (3,545)Actual (2,188) (2,526) (3,022)Ideal 1,400,455 1,639,888 1,908,607Actual 1,515,737 1,611,744 1,626,000FIGURE 52: ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE MOVING UP THE SANITATION LADDER (URBAN)Pit latrine to septic tankMoving upoptionsPit latrine to WWMSeptic tank to WWMBCR ideal BCR actual0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0BCR values8.2.2 RURAL SITESMoving up the sanitation and hygiene ladder is a commonpractice in rural areas, especially when a household is ableto upgrade its house and other infrastructure components.The upgrade may be the result of a decision by the household,or be the result of awareness-raising activities in thecommunity or other external information sources. As shownin Table 53 and Figure 53, most upgrading options involvehigher costs than corresponding benefits. The exceptions tothis include moving from pit latrine to biogas digester, andmoving from septic tank to double-vault composting toilet.Significant improvements in health status, the environmentand other aspects can be realized when moving up fromOD to a pit latrine, but apart from the aesthetic and conveniencefactors, it is difficult to find quantitative evidenceof improvement when moving up to a new sanitation type,especially when they are all considered to be hygienic. TheBCR value (which is more than 1) realized when movingwww.wsp.org97
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Economic Assessment ofSanitation In
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Economic Assessment of Sanitation I
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ForewordTarget 10 of the Millennium
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Glossary of TermsBenefit-cost ratio
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AcknowledgmentsThe Economics of San
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V. National Benefits of Improved Sa
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Table 32. Sanitation coverage, and
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Figure 34. What factors were of mos
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Annex Table E1. Level of satisfacti
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Annex Table J1. Site U1 (Dong Thap,
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PopulationSelected Development Indi
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III.Study MethodsThe study methodol
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IV.Local Benefits of Improved Sanit
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Economic Assessment of Sanitation Interventions in Vietnam - WSP

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